Table 2 Meta- and subgroup analyses for the outcomes body weight (growth), lung volume and -weight, number of alveoli (RAC), alveolar mean chord length (L_m), wall thickness, airspace volume, and surface area

From: Effects of postnatal corticosteroids on lung development in newborn animals. A systematic review

Outcome measures and subgroups	Studies (N)	Comparisons (N)	Animals (N)	Control (N)	Corticosteroid (N)	Comparisons				Subgroup difference
Outcome measures and subgroups	Studies (N)	Comparisons (N)	Animals (N)	Control (N)	Corticosteroid (N)	SMD	95% CI	I²	P value	Chi²	I²	P value
Body weight	22	88	1487	697	790	−1.72	−2.08, −1.35	85	<0.01
<PND 15	16	60	1025	485	540	−2.35	−2.82, −1.87	84	<0.01	34.60	97.1	<0.01
≥PND 15	12	28	462	212	250	−0.51	−0.90, −0.12	69	0.01	34.60	97.1	<0.01
Healthy	19	75	1230	590	640	−1.83	−2.27, −1.40	86	<0.01	1.86	46.1	0.17
Injury	5	13	257	107	150	−1.33	−1.91, −0.74	73	<0.01	1.86	46.1	0.17
Lung volume	9	35	357	167	190	0.32	−0.03, 0.66	50	0.07
<PND 15	7	19	194	86	108	0.09	−0.31, 0.49	35	0.65	2.31	56.7	0.13
≥PND 15	6	16	163	81	82	0.64	0.05, 1.23	60	0.03	2.31	56.7	0.13
Lung weight	6	12	155	61	94	−0.21	−0.63, 0.21	31	0.33
RAC	11	35	513	242	271	−2.04	−2.93, −1.16	90	<0.01
<PND 15	8	20	325	162	163	−2.02	−3.18, −0.86	91	<0.01	0.01	0	0.92
≥PND 15	6	15	188	80	108	−2.12	−3.60, −0.64	89	<0.01	0.01	0	0.92
Healthy	9	25	390	195	195	−3.07	−4.29, −1.85	92	<0.01	15.36	93.5	<0.01
Injury	5	10	123	47	76	0.02	−0.93, 0.97	77	0.79	15.36	93.5	<0.01
L_m	13	40	455	190	265	2.14	1.42, 2.86	81	<0.01
<PND 15	4	14	142	56	86	0.99	0.30, 1.67	56	<0.01	8.47	88.2	<0.01
≥PND 15	10	26	313	134	179	2.92	1.81, 4.03	85	<0.01	8.47	88.2	<0.01
Healthy	11	31	336	145	191	3.00	2.23, 3.76	71	<0.01	18.04	94.5	<0.01
Injury	4	9	119	45	74	−0.16	−1.40, 1.08	86	0.8	18.04	94.5	<0.01
Wall thickness	6	25	203	98	105	−0.42	−0.86, 0.02	47	0.06
<PND 15	5	12	103	51	52	−1.04	−1.89, 0.19	66	0.02	4.62	78.3	0.03
≥PND 15	4	13	100	47	53	−0.01	−0.42, 0.41	0	0.98	4.62	78.3	0.03
Airspace volume	7	25	206	102	104	0.40	−0.06, 0.85	49	0.09
<PND 15	6	15	118	58	60	0.49	−0.10, 1.08	43	0.10	0.20	0	0.65
≥PND 15	4	10	88	44	44	0.27	−0.48, 1.02	59	0.48	0.20	0	0.65
Surface area	13	45	433	203	230	−1.51	−2.09, −0.93	75	<0.01
<PND 15	6	17	156	64	92	−0.88	−1.86, 0.09	72	0.08	2.27	55.9	0.13
≥PND 15	11	28	277	139	138	−1.81	−2.51, −1.10	75	<0.01	2.27	55.9	0.13
Healthy	13	41	396	183	213	−1.55	−2.16, −0.95	74	<0.01	0.10	0	0.75
Injury	3	4	37	20	17	−1.17	−3.46, 1.12	84	0.32	0.10	0	0.75

Subgroups: age at evaluation of outcome measure <15 PND or ≥15 PND and healthy or animals with lung injury.
N total number, SMD standardized mean difference, CI confidence interval, I² heterogeneity, PND postnatal day, RAC radial alveolar count, L_m alveolar mean chord length.

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Table 2 Meta- and subgroup analyses for the outcomes body weight (growth), lung volume and -weight, number of alveoli (RAC), alveolar mean chord length (L_m), wall thickness, airspace volume, and surface area

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