Table 2 Results of the critical appraisal.

Author	Clear research question	Data collected addressed research question	Quantitative non-randomized study					Quantitative descriptive study
Author	Clear research question	Data collected addressed research question	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5
Apgar studies
Chubb et al. ²⁴	✓	✓						✓	?	?	X	✓
Gillette et al. ²⁵	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Li et al. ⁷	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Mihoko Doyle et al. ²²	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	✓
Serunian & Broman ²⁰	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	✓	✓
Shankaran et al. ²³	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	✓	✓
Wolf et al. ²¹	✓	?						✓	✓	X	✓	X
Cyanosis studies
Dawson et al. ²⁶	✓	✓						✓	?	✓	?	✓
Goldman et al. ⁹	✓	✓	?	✓	✓	✓	✓
Vesoulis et al. ¹⁶	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓

✓ - adequately addressed
X – not adequately addressed
? unclear risk of bias
Quantitative non-randomized study questions:
Q1 - Are the participants representative of the target population?
Q2 - Are measurements appropriate regarding both the outcome and intervention (or exposure)?
Q3 - Are there complete outcome data?
Q4 - Are the confounders accounted for in the design and analysis?
Q5 - During the study period, is the intervention administered (or exposure occurred) as intended?
Quantitative descriptive study questions:
Q1 - Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question?
Q2 - Is the sample representative of the target population?
Q3 - Are the measurements appropriate?
Q4 - Is the risk of nonresponse bias low?
Q5 - Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question?

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