Table 1 Population characteristics.
From: Comparison of nasal microbiota between preterm and full-term infants in early life
Preterm infants (N = 136) | Full-term infants (N = 299) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex, male n (%) | 73 (53.7%) | 154 (51.5%) | 0.751 |
Gestational age, weeks, mean (SD) | 32.4 (2.9) | 39.7 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Postnatal age, days, mean (SD) | 85.5 (22.5) | 36.0 (6.64) | <0.001 |
Postmenstrual age at nasal swab, weeks, mean (SD) | 44.6 (1.3) | 44.9 (1.3) | 0.041 |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, yes n (%) | 8 (5.9%) | 11 (3.7%) | 0.42 |
Presence of older siblings, yes n (%) | 44 (32.4%) | 170 (56.9%) | <0.001 |
Season of swab collection | 0.258 | ||
Winter | 39 (28.7%) | 67 (22.4%) | |
Spring | 30 (22.1%) | 73 (24.4%) | |
Summer | 42 (30.9%) | 83 (27.8%) | |
Fall | 25 (18.4%) | 76 (25.4%) | |
Cesarean section, yes n (%) | 104 (76.5%) | 87 (29.1%) | 0.001 |
Probiotics, yes n (%) | 55 (40.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.001 |
Breastfeeding at date of nasal swab, yes n (%) | 78 (57.4%) | 266 (89.0%) | 0.001 |
Chorioamnionitis, yes n (%) | 37 (27.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.001 |
Antibiotics during pregnancy, yes n (%) | 60 (44.1%) | 73 (24.4%) | <0.001 |
Antibiotics during last 3 months before birth, yes n (%) | 51 (37.5%) | 35 (11.7%) | <0.001 |
Intrapartal antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), yes n (%) | 96 (70.6%) | 80 (26.8%) | <0.001 |
Postnatal antibiotics for neonatal infection, yes n (%) | 56 (41.2%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.001 |
Empiric antibiotic, when infection is suspected | 43 (76.8%) | 2 (100%) | |
Neonatal infection without focus | 10 (17.9%) | ||
Early- and late-onset sepsis | 3 (5.7%) | ||
Postnatal antibiotics for neonatal infection, days, mean (SD) | 1.7 (2.29) | 0.04 (0.4) | <0.001 |
Hospitalization, yes n (%) | 115 (84.6%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.001 |
Length of hospitalization, days, mean (SD) | 33.5 (27.4) | 0.08 (1.39) | <0.001 |
Intubation, yes n (%) | 20 (14.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
Study center, n (%) | |||
Bern | 1 (0.7%) | 130 (43.5%) | <0.001 |
Basel | 135 (99.3%) | 169 (56.5%) |
