Table 3 Clinical investigations reported in studies.

From: Pediatric erythromelalgia from multidisciplinary perspectives: a scoping review

 

Number of studies with reported results (S = 167)

Number of cases with reported results (C = 411)

Case findings (C = 411)

Normal

Abnormal

Not reported

Laboratory tests

106 (63.5)

    

 Complete blood count

72 (43.1)

146 (35.5)

113 (77.4)

32 (21.9)

1 (0.7)

 C-reactive protein

21 (12.6)

22 (5.4)

17 (77.3)

5 (22.7)

0

 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

36 (21.6)

86 (20.9)

74 (86.0)

12 (14.0)

0

 Immune / autoimmune testsa

57 (34.1)

82 (20.0)

65 (79.3)

16 (19.5)

1 (1.2)

 Iron and total iron-binding capacity

1 (0.6)

1 (0.2)

0

1 (100)

0 (0)

 Prothrombin time /

International normalized ratio

8 (4.8)

8 (1.9)

7 (87.5)

0

1 (12.5)

 Rheumatoid factor

20 (12.0)

32 (7.8)

31 (96.9)

1 (3.1)

0

 Vitamin B12

8 (4.8)

24 (5.8)

21 (87.5)

3 (12.5)

0

 Vitamin D

2 (1.2)

20 (4.9)

7 (35.0)

13 (65.0)

0

 Lipid panel

12 (7.2)

12 (2.9)

9 (75.0)

2 (16.7)

1 (8.3)

 Metabolic panel

45 (26.9)

    

  Electrolytes

14 (8.4)

14 (3.4)

12 (85.7)

1 (7.1)

1 (7.1)

  Glucose

16 (9.6)

17 (4.1)

16 (94.1)

1 (5.9)

0

  Renal function tests

24 (14.4)

25 (6.1)

20 (80.0)

4 (16.0)

1 (4.0)

  Hepatic function tests

28 (16.8)

31 (7.5)

25 (80.6)

5 (16.1)

1 (3.2)

  Proteins

14 (8.4)

45 (10.9)

25 (55.6)

1 (2.2)

19 (42.2)

  Unspecified

11 (6.6)

13 (3.2)

13 (100)

0

0

 Thyroid function tests

13 (7.8)

33 (8)

30 (90.9)

3 (9.1)

0

 Urinalysis

28 (16.8)

32 (7.8)

26 (81.3)

6 (18.8)

0

 Other

46 (27.5)

71 (17.3)

59 (83.1)

11 (15.5)

1 (1.4)

 Unspecified*

14 (8.4)

    

Neurological examinations

110 (65.9)

    

 Autonomic function testingb

36 (21.6)

55 (13.4)

37 (67.3)

15 (27.3)

3 (5.5)

 Electromyography

30 (18)

67 (16.3)

56 (83.6)

8 (11.9)

3 (4.5)

 Nerve conduction study

39 (23.4)

74 (18.0)

52 (70.3)

10 (13.5)

12 (16.2)

 Quantitative sensory testingc

30 (18.0)

64 (15.6)

10 (15.6)

49 (76.6)

5 (7.8)

 Skin biopsy

51 (30.5)

74 (18.0)

25 (33.8)

45 (60.8)

4 (5.4)

 Sudomotor function testingd

12 (7.2)

38 (9.2)

13 (34.2)

21 (55.3)

4 (10.5)

 Other

24 (14.4)

35 (8.5)

21 (60.0)

14 (40.0)

0

 Unspecified*

9 (5.4)

    

Vascular examinations

55 (32.9)

    

 Angiography

5 (3.0)

5 (1.2)

4 (80.0)

1 (20.0)

0

 Duplex/Doppler ultrasonography

22 (13.2)

34 (8.3)

16 (47.1)

12 (35.3)

6 (17.6)

 Echocardiogram

7 (4.2)

7 (1.7)

7 (100)

0

0

 Extremity pressure/brachial index

2 (1.2)

3 (0.7)

1 (33.3)

2 (66.7)

0

 Thermography

17 (10.2)

51 (12.4)

10 (19.6)

25 (49.0)

16 (31.4)

 Other

32 (19.2)

51 (12.4)

34 (66.7)

17 (33.3)

0

 Unspecified*

4 (2.4)

    

Imaging studies

52 (31.1)

    

 Computed tomography scan

9 (5.4)

9 (2.2)

6 (66.7)

3 (33.3)

0

 Electroencephalography

10 (6.0)

10 (2.4)

8 (80.0)

2 (20.0)

0

 Fluoroscopy

0

0

0

0

0

 Magnetic resonance imaging

24 (14.4)

29 (7.1)

23 (79.3)

6 (20.7)

0

 Positron emission tomography scan

1 (0.6)

1 (0.2)

1 (100)

0

0

 Ultrasound

6 (3.6)

6 (1.5)

5 (83.3)

1 (16.7)

0

 X-ray

23 (13.8)

24 (5.8)

21 (87.5)

3 (12.5)

0

 Other

5 (3.0)

5 (1.2)

3 (60.0)

2 (40.0)

0

 Unspecified*

2 (1.2)

    
  1. Data presented as n (%).
  2. *When the laboratory, neurological, vascular or imaging tests were unspecified in the study, the findings were reported to be normal, except for 1 case report reporting abnormal neurological findings.
  3. aImmune / autoimmune tests: measuring immunoglobulin (Ig), or antibody, levels in the blood serum.
  4. bAutonomic function testing: deep breathing, Valsalva and tilt test with monitoring of heart rate and/or heart rate variability, blood pressure, end tidal CO2, respiratory frequency, and cerebral blood flow velocity.
  5. cQuantitative sensory testing: sensory detection and pain thresholds for mechanical and thermal sensations.
  6. dSudomotor function testing: quantitative sudomotor axon reflex rest or electrochemical skin conductance.
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