Table 3 Risk factors of avoidable brain injury associated to HIE: potentially relevant data items that were identified in one or more of the data sources.

From: Improving UK data on avoidable perinatal brain injury: review of data dictionaries and consultation

Maternal characteristics

MSDS version 2.0

HES APC

NNRD

NMPA 2015–2017

NMPA 2017–2019

Ethnic group

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Parity

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Maternal age

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Tobacco smoking

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Indication of social status (e.g. Carstairs, single unsupported mother, Index of Multiple Deprivation)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Antenatal risk factors

     

Height, weight and BMI at first antenatal appointment (booking)

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Previous caesarean birth

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Previous perinatal loss (stillbirth/neonatal death)

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Previous SGA baby <10th centile

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Gestation at booking

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Maternal diabetes (gestational and pre-pregnancy)

Y

Ya

Y

Y

Y

Cardiac disease

Y

Ya

Y

Y

Y

Epilepsy

Y

Ya

Y

Y

Y

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) carrier

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Suspected fetal growth restriction

N

N

Y

Y

N

Pre-eclampsia (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, proteinuria ≥2+, pre-existing or pregnancy induced hypertension)

Y

Ya

Y

Y

Y

Antepartum bleeding

Y

Ya

Y

Ya

Y

Intrapartum risk factors

     

Gestational age (weeks + days)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Mode of birth: spontaneous, instrumental, vaginal breech, planned caesarean, emergency caesarean

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Labour onset – spontaneous, no labour, or induced (prostaglandins or balloon or artificial rupture of membranes or oxytocin)

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Presentation at onset of labour or birth (e.g. cephalic, breech)

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Chorioamnionitis

N

Ya

Y

Ya

Ya

Augmentation with oxytocin

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Duration of rupture of membranes

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Duration of first stage of labour

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Duration of second stage of labour

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Analgesia, including anaesthesia in labour

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Antibiotics given in labour

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Maternal pyrexia

N

Nb

Y

Y

Nb

Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid

N

N

Y

Y

N

Intrapartum bleeding

Y

Ya

N

Ya

Y

  1. HIE hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, MSDS Maternity Services Data Set (MSDS),28,31,40 HES APC Hospital Episode Statistics for Admitted Patient Care,29,41,42 NNRD National Neonatal Research Database,19,43,44 NMPA National Maternity and Perinatal Audit.20,30,45
  2. aDerived from ICD-10 code.
  3. bAvailable via ICD-10 code if sepsis confirmed.