Table 2 Nutrition and growth characteristics in the growth cohort among epochs. a. Comparison of enteral feeding, energy and protein intake, and serum zinc levels in both epochs in the growth cohort. b. Comparison of growth and size at discharge in the growth cohort in both epochs.
From: Improved linear growth after routine zinc supplementation in preterm very low birth weight infants
a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Number 826 | Epoch-1 N = 480 | Epoch-2 N = 346 | P-value |
Any donor human milk | 826 | 392 (81.7%) | 322 (93.1%) | < 0.001 |
Any maternal own milk | 826 | 428 (89.2%) | 298 (86.1%) | 0.19 |
Only formula | 826 | 7 (1.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | *0.15 |
Any maternal own milk at discharge | 826 | 227 (47.3%) | 163 (47.1%) | 0.96 |
Days to full feeds (120–160 ml/kg/d) | 808 | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | < 0.01 |
Duration of PN, median days | 818 | 41 (29, 61) | 42 (28, 61) | 0.34 |
PMA when enteral Zn supplementation started (weeks) | 596 | |||
22–28 weeks GA | 375 | 34.1 (33.4, 36.0) (63) | 32.0 (30.1, 33.1) (312) | < 0.001 |
≥ 29 weeks GA | 221 | 37.7 (34.4, 39.4) (9) | 32.7 (31.9, 33.6) (212) | < 0.001 |
Average total intake first 4 weeks of life | ||||
Energy(kcal/kg/d) | 818 | 105.4 (96.8, 111.4) | 106.1 (97.6, 111.1) | 0.73 |
Protein (g/kg/d) | 817 | 3.1 (2.7, 3.3) | 3.1 (2.7, 3.3) | 0.23 |
Average total intake after 4 weeks of life | ||||
Energy (kcal/kg/d) | 638 | 127.9 (121.5, 136.1) | 127.4 (120.3, 137.5) | 0.82 |
Protein (g/kg/d) | 637 | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.4) | 0.26 |
Average enteral intake, median (IQR) | ||||
Energy (kcal/kg/d) | 816 | 112.1 (103.3, 118.8) | 111.7 (105.1, 118.9) | 0.82 |
Protein (g/kg/d) | 816 | 3.5 (3.1, 3.7) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) | 0.42 |
Average intravenous intake, median (IQR) | ||||
Energy (kcal/kg/d) | 816 | 16.7 (13.6, 20.0) | 16.9 (14.4, 20.2) | 0.24 |
Protein (g/kg/d) | 516 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) | < 0.01 |
Average weight gain* (g/kg/d) | 826 | 10.7 ± 2.8 | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 0.27 |
Any serum zinc level | 826 | 73 (15.2%) | 328 (94.8%) | < 0.001 |
Lowest serum zinc level (mcg/mL) | 401 | 0.56 (0.51, 0.68) (73) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.84) (328) | < 0.001 |
Initial serum zinc level (1st 48 h) (mcg/mL) | 218 | N/A | 0.98 (0.85, 1.19) (218) | NA |
Latest serum zinc level (mcg/mL) | 310 | N/A | 0.76 (0.67, 0.88) (310) | NA |
b | ||||
Growth Characteristics | 826 | N = 480 | N = 346 | |
Initial weight curve during 1st 4 weeks | 811 | N = 467 | N = 344 | *0.18 |
Physiologic | 343 (73%) | 272 (79%) | ||
Excessive weight loss | 121 (26%) | 70 (20%) | ||
Excessive weight gain | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | ||
Subsequent growth curve pattern | 815 | N = 473 | N = 342 | *< 0.001 |
Physiologic | 187 (40%) | 204 (60%) | ||
Growth failure | 53 (11%) | 35 (10%) | ||
Linear growth failure | 50 (11%) | 32 (9%) | ||
Weight loss | 68 (14%) a | 9 (3%) b | ||
Excessive weight gain | 6 (1%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Other or not applicable | 109 (23%) | 62 (18%) | ||
PMA at discharge (weeks) | 36 (34, 39) | 36 (35, 38) | 0.46 | |
Weight (g) | 2533 (2250, 2905) | 2560 (2270, 2951) | 0.37 | |
Weight Z-score | −0.84 ± 0.90 | −0.83 ± 0.85 | 0.87 | |
PMA at length measurement (weeks) | 36 (34, 39) | 36 (35, 38) | 0.46 | |
Accurate length (cm) | 46.1 (44.8, 48.0) | 46.2 (44.6, 48.0) | 0.79 | |
Length Z-score | −1.07 ± 1.20 | −1.11 ± 1.09 | 0.65 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 11.6 (10.8, 12.8) | 11.7 (11.0, 12.8) | 0.61 | |
Body mass index Z-score | −0.31 ± 2.02 | −0.20 ± 0.85 | 0.34 | |
Fronto-occipital circumference (cm) | 33 (32, 34) | 33 (32, 34) | 0.88 | |
Fronto-occipital circumference Z-score | −0.37 ± 0.92 | −0.44 ± 0.98 | 0.31 | |
