Table 4 Differences in plasma amino acid (AA) changes from start of fortification until two weeks of fortification in infant subgroups of low gestational age (GA) at birth, small for gestational age (SGA), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and late-onset sepsis (LOS).

From: Plasma amino acids after human milk fortification and associations with growth in preterm infants

AA	Present	GA < 29 weeks n = 101/182	P	SGA n = 39/182	p	BPD n = 35/182	p	ROP n = 16/182	p	LOS n = 21/182	p
Ala	Yes	22.4 ± 10.6	0.13	−1.7 ± 16.2	0.02	−3.9 ± 20.4	0.06	−10.9 ± 32.4	0.17	−16.5 ± 23.9	0.04
Ala	No	45.4 ± 9.6	0.13	42 ± 8.0	0.02	41.3 ± 7.5	0.06	36.8 ± 7.3	0.17	39.0 ± 7.5	0.04
Arg	Yes	26.4 ± 4.3	0.01	13.5 ± 6.4	<0.01	11.8 ± 5.9	0.01	0.5 ± 10.2	<0.01	15.6 ± 5.4	0.12
Arg	No	42.7 ± 4.7	0.01	39.2 ± 3.6	<0.01	38.9 ± 3.7	0.01	36.9 ± 3.3	<0.01	36.0 ± 3.6	0.12
Asn	Yes	12.6 ± 2.3	0.63	7.4 ± 3.5	0.15	10.5 ± 3.6	0.59	3.2 ± 5.8	0.08	2.5 ± 4.6	0.03
Asn	No	11.2 ± 2.4	0.63	13.2 ± 1.8	0.15	12.3 ± 1.8	0.59	12.8 ± 1.7	0.08	13.2 ± 1.7	0.03
Asp	Yes	−5.7 ± 1.7	0.01	−8.9 ± 2.9	<0.01	−6.7 ± 3	0.72	−1.1 ± 1.8	0.10	−5.0 ± 3.6	0.76
Asp	No	0.2 ± 1.4	0.01	−1.5 ± 1.2	<0.01	−2.2 ± 1.2	0.72	−3.3 ± 1.3	0.10	−2.8 ± 1.2	0.76
Cys	Yes	−21.6 ± 3.4	0.04	−23.8 ± 5.9	0.18	−25.1 ± 6.5	0.43	−24 ± 10.1	0.74	−31.4 ± 9.6	0.09
Cys	No	-11 ± 3.7	0.04	−15 ± 2.8	0.18	−14.9 ± 2.7	0.43	−16.2 ± 2.6	0.74	−15.0 ± 2.5	0.09
Gln	Yes	−86.3 ± 22.1	0.04	−118.3 ± 31.8	0.05	−99.3 ± 35.5	0.69	−207.6 ± 62.7	0.02	−137.3 ± 62.5	0.19
	No	−17 ± 23.1		−38.3 ± 18.5		−45 ± 18.1		−40.8 ± 16.3		−44.8 ± 16.3
Glu	Yes	−12.9 ± 6.2	0.01	−22.8 ± 15.5	0.14	−26.6 ± 15	0.34	−11.7 ± 4.5	0.65	−15.5 ± 7.1	0.18
Glu	No	4.5 ± 3.1	0.01	−0.4 ± 2.2	0.14	−0.1 ± 2.9	0.34	−4.5 ± 4.1	0.65	−3.8 ± 4.2	0.18
Gly	Yes	−33.5 ± 11.4	<0.01	−58.3 ± 19.7	<0.01	−76.1 ± 23.1	<0.01	−63.4 ± 28.2	0.26	−40.2 ± 20.7	0.65
Gly	No	13.9 ± 10	<0.01	0.1 ± 8.2	<0.01	2.8 ± 7.6	<0.01	−7.5 ± 8.1	0.26	−8.8 ± 8.5	0.65
His	Yes	-7.4 ± 3.2	0.10	-9.9 ± 4.3	0.19	−9.7 ± 5.2	0.51	−8.8 ± 7.7	0.72	−14.0 ± 6.8	0.13
His	No	−0.3 ± 2.5	0.10	−2.7 ± 2.4	0.19	−2.9 ± 2.3	0.51	−3.8 ± 2.2	0.72	−2.9 ± 2.2	0.13
Ile	Yes	14 ± 2.4	0.01	17 ± 4.8	0.65	12.8 ± 4.4	0.72	7.6 ± 6.4	0.36	5.1 ± 3.7	0.10
Ile	No	26 ± 4.1	0.01	20 ± 2.6	0.65	20.9 ± 2.6	0.72	20.5 ± 2.4	0.36	21.2 ± 2.5	0.10
Leu	Yes	1.9 ± 4.6	<0.01	2.2 ± 8.8	0.14	−0.9 ± 8.5	0.69	−11.1 ± 12.8	0.35	−15.2 ± 9.1	0.08
Leu	No	29.9 ± 6.8	<0.01	17.7 ± 4.6	0.14	18 ± 4.6	0.69	16.8 ± 4.3	0.35	18.2 ± 4.4	0.08
Lys	Yes	46.9 ± 7	0.01	32.6 ± 15.6	0.02	39.9 ± 13	0.63	16.4 ± 19.3	0.19	22.8 ± 15.7	0.17
Lys	No	77.6 ± 10	0.01	68.2 ± 6.2	0.02	65.5 ± 6.7	0.63	64.8 ± 6.2	0.19	65.5 ± 6.4	0.17
Met	Yes	4.9 ± 1.1	<0.01	6.7 ± 1.8	0.82	4.9 ± 1.6	0.83	1.4 ± 3.2	0.12	1.4 ± 2.4	0.04
Met	No	10.2 ± 1.2	<0.01	7.4 ± 0.9	0.82	7.8 ± 0.9	0.83	7.8 ± 0.8	0.12	8.0 ± 0.9	0.04
Phe	Yes	−8.4 ± 2.0	0.09	−8.7 ± 3.2	0.43	−9.6 ± 3.3	0.56	−13.2 ± 4.7	0.18	−12.0 ± 3.5	0.17
Phe	No	−3.3 ± 2.1	0.09	−5.5 ± 1.7	0.43	−5.3 ± 1.7	0.56	−5.5 ± 1.6	0.18	−5.4 ± 1.6	0.17
Pro	Yes	−36.2 ± 8.7	0.07	−40.3 ± 11.7	0.26	−48 ± 17.1	0.26	−58 ± 25	0.18	−48.6 ± 20.0	0.26
Pro	No	−12.7 ± 8.9	0.07	−21.8 ± 7.3	0.26	−20.5 ± 6.6	0.26	−22.7 ± 6.4	0.18	−22.8 ± 6.6	0.26
Ser	Yes	−29.6 ± 10.5	0.02	−50.5 ± 14.6	<0.01	−53.4 ± 16.7	0.07	−48.9 ± 18.6	0.42	−50.2 ± 17.2	0.20
Ser	No	4.3 ± 8.5	0.02	−4.7 ± 7.8	<0.01	−5.3 ± 7.6	0.07	−11.2 ± 7.5	0.42	−9.9 ± 7.6	0.20
Thr	Yes	−13.4 ± 14	<0.01	−33.3 ± 27	<0.01	−43.7 ± 25.2	0.11	−63.8 ± 33.5	0.16	−42.1 ± 31.8	0.26
Thr	No	58.3 ± 13.6	<0.01	32.6 ± 10.4	<0.01	33.3 ± 10.7	0.11	26.4 ± 10.5	0.16	26.4 ± 10.6	0.26
Trp	Yes	11.1 ± 1.4	0.66	6.4 ± 3	0.01	11.5 ± 2.3	0.68	6.6 ± 3.5	0.35	4.0 ± 2.5	0.03
Trp	No	12.3 ± 1.8	0.66	13.1 ± 1.1	0.01	11.7 ± 1.3	0.68	12.1 ± 1.2	0.35	12.6 ± 1.2	0.03
Tyr	Yes	24.2 ± 7.4	0.09	25 ± 10.4	0.37	24.6 ± 9.1	0.90	40 ± 36.2	0.69	−3.6 ± 10.5	0.03
Tyr	No	3.7 ± 10.1	0.09	12.3 ± 7.3	0.37	12.8 ± 7.3	0.90	12.7 ± 5.8	0.69	17.5 ± 6.8	0.03
Val	Yes	2.7 ± 5.8	0.01	2.4 ± 7.9	0.28	−0.6 ± 9	0.45	−8.4 ± 14.2	0.14	−9.1 ± 10.7	0.05
Val	No	23.2 ± 6.1	0.01	14.4 ± 4.9	0.28	14.8 ± 4.8	0.45	13.8 ± 4.4	0.14	14.5 ± 4.6	0.05

Analyses include only infants with plasma samples available at the start (T0), after one (T1) and two (T2) weeks of fortification across fortification groups. General linear models were used and adjusted for intervention, gestational age (above or below 29 weeks of gestation) at birth, small for gestational age and postnatal age at two weeks of fortification (T2) when these were not the variables of interest. AA amino acid, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, GA gestational age, LOS late-onset sepsis, ROP retinopathy of prematurity, SGA small for gestational age. Values are means ± SEM in µmol/L.

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