Fig. 5: Grouping based on the dynamics of the gut microbiota during the intervention.

a Cluster analysis relying on the dendrogram. b Distribution of participants in each cluster within the B. infantis M-63 and placebo groups (*p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance between the two groups, as determined using Fisher’s exact test). c Transition, indicating a change in enterotype, during the first 3 months. d The gut microbial composition of each cluster. e Fecal cytokines. f Acetic acid, sIgA, calprotectin. g GWG. The Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn–Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare each cluster; *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. sIgA secretory immunoglobulin A, GWG gestational weight gain.