Table 1 Characteristics of study cohort, by confirmatory biopsy status.
From: Risk of progression following a negative biopsy in prostate cancer active surveillance
Positive Biopsy (n = 9571) | Negative Biopsy (n = 3590) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnostic characteristicsa | |||||
Median age (IQR) | 65 | (60–70) | 65 | (60–69) | 0.33 |
Median PSA (IQR) | 5.4 | (4.2–7.1) | 5.4 | (4.1–7.1) | 0.49 |
Gleason grade (n, %) | |||||
grade group 1 | 9016 | 94.2 | 3540 | 98.6 | <0.001 |
grade group 2 | 555 | 5.8 | 50 | 1.4 | |
Clinical T stage (n, %) | |||||
cT1 | 7995 | 83.5 | 3150 | 87.7 | <0.001 |
cT2 | 1576 | 16.5 | 440 | 12.3 | |
Median no. cores sampled (IQR) | 12 | (10–12) | 12 | (10–13) | 0.01 |
Median no cores positive (IQR) | 1 | (1–2) | 1 | (1–2) | <0.001 |
Median prostate volume (IQR) | 44 | (34–57) | 47 | (37–60) | <0.001 |
Follow-up characteristics | |||||
Median follow-up time, yrs (IQR)b | 2.7 | (1.3–5.1) | 4.6 | (2.8–7.1) | <0.001 |
Median time to first biopsy, yrs (IQR) | 1.0 | (0.3–1.2) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.1) | <0.001 |
Median interval biopsy 1 to 2, yrs (IQR) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.2) | 1.8 | (1.0–3.0) | <0.001 |
Median PSA prior to first biopsy (IQR) | 5.6 | (4.0–7.7) | 5.2 | (3.4–7.2) | <0.001 |
Median no. cores taken at first biopsy (IQR) | 12 | (10–14) | 12 | (10–14) | 0.02 |
Median no. follow-up biopsies (IQR) | 1 | (1–2) | 2 | (1–3) | <0.001 |
Underwent ≥2 follow-up biopsies (n, %) | 4475 | 37.0 | 2163 | 59.5 | <0.001 |
AS status at 5 yrs (n, % total): | |||||
Converted to active treatment | 3613 | 38.7 | 796 | 22.2 | <0.001 |
Still on AS | 2503 | 26.2 | 1478 | 41.2 | |
Censored <5 yrs while still on AS | 3314 | 34.6 | 1136 | 31.6 | |
Switch to watchful waiting | 101 | 1.1 | 47 | 1.3 | |
Lost to follow-up | 117 | 1.2 | 97 | 2.7 | |
Died | 66 | 0.7 | 36 | 1.0 | |
Reported reasons for conversion (n, %)c | N = 3966 | 41.4 | N = 1038 | 28.5 | |
Pathological progression | 2089 | 21.8 | 493 | 13.7 | <0.001 |
Clinical or radiological progression | 266 | 2.8 | 57 | 1.6 | |
PSA progression/kinetics only | 172 | 1.8 | 65 | 1.8 | |
Patient choice | 283 | 2.9 | 125 | 3.5 | |
cT Unknown/not reported | 1156 | 12.1 | 268 | 8.3 | |
Upgrading at 2nd follow-up biopsy (n, %) | N = 4475 | N = 2163 | |||
Any upgrading | 936 | 27.8 | 211 | 14.0 | <0.001 |
Serious upgrading | 309 | 6.9 | 91 | 4.2 | |
