Table 4 PSA values from included studies, by ethnicity.

From: Ethnic differences in prostate-specific antigen levels in men without prostate cancer: a systematic review

  

PSA values (ng/ml)

 

Study

Age group, years

White

Black

Asian

Hispanic

Other

Outcome summary

  

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

  

Mean (SD)

 

Crawford 2011 [17]

40+

1.02 (0.75)

1.03 (0.77)

  

0.98 (0.68)

No evidence of differences

  

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

  

DeAntoni 1996 [18]

40–49

50–59

60–69

70–79

0.82 (0.77)

1.2 (1.3)

1.8 (1.9)

2.3 (2.3)

0.87 (0.92)

1.4 (1.6)

2.0 (2.4)

2.5 (2.7)

0.85 (0.57)

1.3 (1.6)

1.8 (1.9)

2.3 (2.3)

0.73 (0.71)

1.3 (1.6)

1.8 (2.1)

2.0 (2.3)

 

White < Black *

(age groups 50–59 and 60–69)

  

PSA > 4.0 (%)

PSA > 4.0 (%)

 

PSA>4.0 (%)

  

Espaldon 2014 [19]

65–69

70–74

75–79

80–84

≥85

5.6

7.0

9.9

13.1

17.0

9.8

13.1

17.8

24.0

27.4

 

5.1

9.0

10.6

13.6

18.3

 

White/Latino <Black

***

(overall, not age-stratified)

  

Median, 95th

   

Median, 95th

Median, 95th

Gray 2003 [29]

40–49

50–59

60–69

0.7, 2.1

0.9, 2.8

1.4, 4.0

   

Maori

0.6, 1.6

0.8, 2.3

1.5, 4.6

Pacific

0.7, 1.5

0.8, 3.0

1.1, 3.0

White > Maori*

(age-adjusted mean)

  

PSA > 4.0 (%)

   

PSA > 4.0 (%)

PSA > 4.0 (%)

 

Gray 2005 [30]

40–49

50–59

60–69

0.4

3.5

11.0

   

Maori

0.6

3.2

13.2

Pacific

1.3

3.7

12.7

No evidence of differences

  

Median, 95th

Median, 95th

 

Median, 95th

   

Lacher 2006 [29]

40–49

50–59

60–69

≥70

0.70, 2.37

0.90, 3.11

1.10, 4.98

1.70, 8.66

0.70, 2.00

0.80, -

1.50, 10.30

-

 

0.71, 1.87

0.90, 3.16

1.00, -

1.60, -

 

White < Black*

(95 percentile, age 60–69)

  

Mean (SE)ǂ

Mean (SE)ǂ

 

Mean (SE)ǂ

  

Lacher 2015 [21]

40+

1.03 (0.02)

1.25 (0.07)

 

1.11 (0.06)

 

White < Black*

  

95th

 

95th

 

95th

95th

 

Matti 2021 [28]

40–44

45–49

50–54

55–59

60–64

65–69

70–74

75–79

1.60

1.90

2.41

3.19

4.01

4.90

5.87

7.39

 

1.60

1.80

2.29

3.10

3.90

4.81

5.87

7.17

 

Maori

1.60

1.90

2.51

3.39

4.48

5.58

7.10

9.39

Pacific

1.51

1.90

2.61

3.29

4.48

5.99

7.77

10.7

No evidence of differences

  

PSA>1.4, n (%)

PSA>1.4, n (%)

     

Rhodes 2012a [22]

N/A

146 (34.8)

109 (33.1)

   

No evidence of differences

  

Median (IQR)

Median (IQR)

    

Rhodes 2012b [23]

N/A

1.2 (0.8–1.8)

1.0 (0.5–1.7)

   

White > Black*** (unadjusted for age)

  

Median, 90th

Median, 90th

 

Median, 90th

  

Saraiya 2005 [26]

40–49

50–59

60–69

70+

0.73, 1.53

0.82, 2.42

0.99, 3.25

2.02, 6.30

0.65, 1.51

0.90, 3.25

1.59, 5.33

1.84, -

 

0.78, 1.55

0.83, -

1.12, 3.19

1.40, -

 

No evidence of differences

  

Median, 95th

Median, 95th

    

Sarma 2014 [27]

40–49

50–59

60–69

70+

0.7, 1.8

0.9, 2.9

1.4, 4.6

2.1, 7.1

0.8, 2.4

0.8, 3.3

1.1, 6.1

1.4, 5.6

   

No evidence of differences

  

Median, 95th

Median, 95th

    

Weinrich 1998 [25]

50 – 59

60 – 69

0.8, 2.7

1.0, 4.9

0.9, 3.8

1.1, 5.7

   

White < Black ** in 50–59 age group (age-stratified mean)

  1. Where more data were available than the data presented in the table, summary statistics that were most comparable to other entries were selected and recorded.
  2. - values suppressed due to large standard error or small sample size, ǂage-adjusted summary statistic, 90th 90th percentile, 95th 95th percentile, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Back to article page