Fig. 1

Representative miRNAs in the regulation of TLR signaling. TLRs recognize different bacterial components and induce NF-κB signaling or activate other transcription factors through adapter molecules and downstream signaling molecules. Various inflammatory factors are transcribed that are initiated by different transcription factors. The transcription of miRNAs is most commonly mediated by RNA polymerase II, under the control of transcription factors, and transcripts are then processed by two nucleases, Drosha and Dicer. Then, the mature miRNAs will be incorporated into the RISC and guide the RISC to their target mRNA(s) in cytoplasm. Both early- and late-phase-activated TLRs induce different types and expression levels of inflammatory factors and miRNAs. TF, transcription factor