Table 2 Important enzymes or proteins that regulate histone acetylation in cancer.

 HAT1

/

Promoter

Pancreatic cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma^{227,228,229,230}

Promote cell apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and cisplatin resistance, associated with poor prognosis and upregulates PD-L1

Suppressor

Lung cancer, osteosarcoma^231,232

Restores Fas expression and induces cancer cell apoptosis (Ras-ERK1/2 signaling)

 GCN5L2

GCN5

Promoter

Prostate cancer, breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer^233,234,235

Promotes cell proliferation, apoptosis, EMT, poor prognosis of patients, promotion of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 expression (PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling, TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway)

 PCAF

/

Suppressor

Colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer^236,237,238

Decreased PCAF is associated with 5-FU resistance, poor clinical outcome (PCAF-p16-CDK4 axis, p53, miR-17)

 HTATIP

TIP60

Promoter

Liver cancer, prostate cancer^239,240

Promotes cancer cell EMT, metastasis, radioresistance

Suppressor

Breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer^241,242,243

Is associated with cell viability and invasion, and low Tip60 expression is correlated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival

 MYST1

MOF

Promoter

Prostate cancer²⁴⁴

MYST1 increases the resistance to therapeutic regimens and promotes aggressive tumor growth (androgen receptor and NF-κB)

 MYST2

HBO1

Promoter

Ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia^245,246,247

Promotes cell proliferation, enrichment of cancer stem-like cells, gemcitabine resistance (Wnt/β-catenin signaling)

 MYST3

MOZ

Promoter

Colorectal cancer, breast cancer, leukemia^248,249,250

Promotes cell proliferation, activates ERα expression (multiple fusion proteins: MOZ-TIF2, MOZ-NCOA2 and MOZ-CBP)

 MYST4

MORF

Promoter

Leukemia²⁵¹

MORF-CREBBP fusion

 P300

EP300, KAT3B

Promoter

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, leukemia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer^{252,253,254,255,256,257}

Promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and malignant transformation, is associated with advanced clinical stage, poor recurrence-free survival and overall survival, enhances ERα expression and contributes to tamoxifen resistance, castration resistance, and gemcitabine sensitivity, (p21, p27, β-catenin, MLL-p300, MOZ-p300 fusion, Smad2 and Smad3 in the TGF-β signaling pathway, p300/YY1/miR-500a-5p/HDAC2 signaling axis)

Suppressor

Bladder cancer, colorectal cancer^258,259

Downregulation of P300 is associated with chemosensitivity to 5-FU treatment and doxorubicin resistance

 CBP

CREBBP, KAT3A

Promoter

Lung cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma^{256,260,261,262}

Is associated with drug resistance, a highly tumorigenic, cancer stem-like phenotype and enhances the activity of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) (CXCL8, PI3K/Akt/β-catenin/CBP axis); KAT6A-CREBBP, MOZ-CBP, MORF-CREBBP, MLL-CBP fusions in leukemia

Suppressor

Lung cancer, prostate cancer^263,264

Loss of CBP reduces transcription of cellular adhesion genes while driving tumorigenesis

 NCOA1

SRC1

Promoter

Prostate cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma^265,266,267

Promotes cell invasion, proliferation, metastasis, is associated with shorter overall survival and progression-free survival (M-CSF1, miR-4443, miR-105-1)

 NCOA2

TIF2

Promoter

Prostate cancer, leukemia^268,269

Is associated with resistance to AR antagonism and bicalutamide; MOZ-TIF2 fusion in leukemia

Suppressor

Colorectal cancer, liver cancer^270,271

TIF2 is able to impair protumorigenic phenotypes

 NCOA3

AIB1, ACTR

Promoter

Ovarian cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer^{272,273,274,275}

Promotes cell proliferation, EMT, metastasis, invasiveness and is correlated to higher estrogen receptor expression, poor PFS and OS and predicts resistance to chemoradiotherapy (AKT, E2F1, SNAI1, cyclin E, cdk2, p53, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 expression); however, high AIB1 expression has been correlated to both a good response to adjuvant tamoxifen and tamoxifen resistance.

 ATF-2

CREB2, CREBP1

Promoter

Pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, leukemia^276,277,278

Promotes cell proliferation, EMT, gemcitabine sensitivity (JNK1/c-Jun and p38 MAPK/ATF-2 pathways, miR-451); however, the level of ATF-2 is a key determinant of the sensitivity to tamoxifen

 TFIIIC

/

Promoter

Ovarian cancer²⁷⁹

TFIIIC is overexpressed in cancer tissues

 TAF1

TAFII250

/

/

/

 CLOCK

KIAA0334

Promoter

Ovarian cancer, breast cancer^280,281

Promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, is associated with drug resistance (cisplatin)

Suppressor

Lung cancer²⁸²

Is associated with cancer progression and metastasis

 CIITA

MHC2TA

Suppressor

Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma^283,284,285

Regulates the expression of MHC II and HLA-DR induction

 MGEA5

NCOAT

promoter

Laryngeal cancer²⁸⁶

Is associated with larger tumor size, nodal metastases, higher grade and tumor behavior (TGFBR3-MGEA5 fusion)

Suppressor

Breast cancer²⁸⁷

MGEA5 transcript levels were significantly lower in grade II and III than in grade I tumors; associated with lymph node metastasis

 CDY

/

/

/

/

 BRD2-4, BRDt

/

Promoter

Breast cancer, prostate cancer, gastric tumors, lung cancer, ovarian carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, hematologic malignancy, Ewing sarcoma, glioblastoma, melanoma^{288,289,290,291}

Is associated with cell proliferation, self-renewal, metabolism, metastasis, and expression of immune checkpoint molecules (oncogenic AR and MYC signaling, AMIGO2-PTK7 axis, Jagged1/Notch1 signaling, IKK activity)

 HDAC1

/

Promoter

Thyroid cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer^{292,293,294,295}

Promotes cell invasion, viability, apoptosis, EMT; is associated with chemotherapy response. (CXCL8, P53, p38 MAPK, miRNA-34a)

 HDAC2

/

Promoter

Pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal carcinoma, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer^{296,297,298,299,300}

Promotes cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, clonal expansion and EMT (E-cadherin, p63, mTORC1, AKT, PELP1/HDAC2/miR-200, p300/YY1/miR-500a-5p/HDAC2 axis, Sp1/HDAC2/p27 axis)

 HDAC3

/

Promoter

Colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer^{301,302,303,304}

Promotes cell proliferation and invasion, migration, chemosensitivity; increases PD-L1 expression (NF‑κB signaling)

 HDAC8

/

Promoter

Cervical cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer^305,306,307

Promotes cell migration, affects cell morphology and promotes the cell cycle (p53, HDAC8/YY1 axis)

Suppressor

Breast cancer³⁰⁸

HDAC8 suppresses EMT (HDAC8/FOXA1 signaling)

 HDAC4

/

Promoter

Head and neck cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer^309,310,311

Promotes cell viability, drug resensitization (tamoxifen, platinum) (STAT1, p21, miR-10b)

 HDAC5

/

Promoter

Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer^312,313

Promotes cell proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT; is associated with hormone therapy resistance (HDAC5-LSD1 axis, Survivin and miR-125a-5p, miR-589-5p)

 HDAC6

/

Promoter

Cervical cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer^{314,315,316,317}

Promotes pluripotency of CSCs, cancer cell proliferation and migration (α-tubulin, heat shock protein (HSP) 90, the NF-κB/MMP2 pathway, JNK/c-Jun pathway, miR-22, miR-221)

 HDAC7

/

Promoter

Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer^318,319,320

Is associated with cancer stem cell-specific functions, tumor growth and invasion, and therapy resistance (miR-489, miR-34a)

 HDAC9

/

Promoter

Breast cancer³²¹

Enhances invasive and angiogenic potential (miR-206)

Suppressor

Lung cancer³²²

HDAC9 is downregulated in adenocarcinomas; is associated with tumor growth ability

 HDAC10

/

Promoter

Ovarian cancer, lung cancer^323,324

Promotes cells proliferation, reduced DNA repair capacity and sensitization to platinum therapy (AKT phosphorylation)

 Sirt1

/

Promoter

Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer^325,326,327

Promotes cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, EMT, metabolic flexibility and self-renewal of cancer stem cells, chemoresistance (miR-30a, miR-15b-5p)

 Sirt2

/

promoter

Colorectal cancer lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, cervical cancer^328,329,330

Highly expressed in stem-like cells and promotes migration, invasion and metastasis (p53, RAS/ERK/JNK/MMP-9 pathway)

Suppressor

Breast cancer, prostate cancer lung cancer^331,332,333

Sensitizes cancer cells to intracellular DNA damage and the cell death induced by oxidative stress, and low Sirt2 levels were associated with poor patient survival (p27)

 Sirt3

/

Promoter

Cervical cancer, lung cancer^334,335

Is associated with PD-L1-induced lymph node metastasis (p53)

Suppressor

Pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer^336,337,338

Loss of SIRT3 leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that amplifies HIF-α stabilization; metastasis (c-MYC, CagA, PI3K/Akt pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK))

 Sirt4

/

Suppressor

Pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer^339,340

Promotes cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, migration and invasion, and in inhibition of glutamine metabolism (E-cadherin)

 Sirt5

/

Promoter

Colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer^341,342,343

Promotes autophagy, cell proliferation, and drug resistance, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes

Suppressor

Liver cancer, gastric cancer^344,345

Inhibits peroxisome-induced oxidative stress (CDK2)

 Sirt6

/

Promoter

Pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer^346,347,348

Enhances cytokine production, and promotes EMT, cell migration and tumor metastasis, and predicts poor prognosis (ERK1/2/MMP9 pathway, SIRT6/Snail/KLF4 axis)

Suppressor

Pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer^349,350

Promotes increased glycolysis, cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, and is associated with paclitaxel, epirubicin, and trastuzumab sensitivity (survivin, NF-κB pathway)

 Sirt7

/

Promoter

Colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer^351,352

Accelerates cell growth, proliferation, motility and apoptosis (MAPK pathway)

Suppressor

Pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer^353,354,355

Sensitizes to gemcitabine and radiotherapy, and low levels of SIRT7 are associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and poor outcome (TGF-β signaling, p38 MAPK)

 HDAC11

/

Promoter

Liver cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, neuroblastoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer^{356,357,358,359}

Promotes the mitotic cell cycle, cell apoptosis; is associated with cancer progression and survival (OX40 ligand, p53)