Fig. 3

Clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2-induced immunopathology. Patients with COVID-19 and presenting with lymphopenia are more prone to infections with the microbe, which leads to disease progression and increased severity. In addition, cytokine storms can initiate inflammatory-induced multiple organ dysfunction, including lung injury that can lead to ARDS, respiratory failure, liver injury with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamine transferase (γ-GT) upregulation, kidney injury with increased urea and creatine levels, and heart injury with increased creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels