Table 1 The mechanisms and applications of lysosomal escape used in nanomedicine
Mechanism of lysosomal escape | Device | The key structure for lysosomal escape | Cargoes | Cell line | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proton-sponge effect | catHDL/PA | Polyanions bearing both pendant carboxylate groups and alkyl chains | DOX and curcumin | T24 | |
N-quaternary ammonium-chitosan | Quaternary amine groups | Brucine | HepG2 | ||
MPN-Coated NPs | The phenolic molecules in the metal–phenolic networks(MPNs) | Calcein | MDA-MB-231 | ||
FL–C6-NH2-Modified CRP@dOSN | pH-responsive imine bonds | Chitosan | HeLa | ||
Polymeric-drug conjugate solid NPs containing encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (IO@PNP) | Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(histidine) | DOX | PC3MM2 | ||
Polyurethane micelles | Hydrazone bonds | DOX | SKOV3 | ||
mPEG-b-PLA-PHis-ss-OEI | Disulfide bonds | DOX and siRNA | MCF-7/ADR | ||
Surface-modified single-walled carbon nanotube | Polyethylenimine (PEI)-betaine | DOX and siRNA | A549 | ||
GA-loaded cp-rHDL NPs (cp-rHDL/GA) | The histidine in CPPs | Gambogic acid (GA) | HepG2 and HT1080 | ||
Guanidino HPMA copolymer | Guanidine group | KLA peptide | B16F10 | ||
TPH/PTX nanomicelles | The positively charged nanomicelles and HA | PTX | A549 | ||
D-alpha-tocopheryl poly (ethylene glycol 1000) succinate and HA dual-functionalized cationic liposomes | The imidazole groups of histidine | PTX | MCF-7/MDR | ||
m-HA coating PEI-PCL/shRNA complexes | PEI-PCL | PTX and KIAA1199 specific shRNA | MDA-MB-231 | ||
Dextran nanogels with CAD adjuvant | Cationic amphiphilic drugs adjuvant (nonbiodegradable polymeric dextran NGs, inorganic propylamine-functionalized MSNPs, cationic LNPs, such as (PEGylated) DOTAP-DOPE liposomes, the lipofection reagent Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, and lipid NPs containing the ionizable lipid DLin-MC3-DMA) | siRNA | H1299 | ||
mPEG-PHis-PSD/PLL/siRNA NP | Poly(l-histidine) | siRNA | NSCLC | ||
Lipid NPs | The ionizable cationic lipid components | siRNA | HTB-177 | ||
UCNP (CD/Azo) -siRNA/PEG NPs | GE11 + /TH + NP | siRNA | MDA-MB-468 | ||
The cationic dextran nanogels | Cationic amphiphilic drugs | siRNA | H1299 | ||
pH/redox dual-sensitive unimolecular NPs | The imidazole groups | siRNA | MDA-MB-468 | ||
Poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) around the silica nanoparticle core (PDEAEM@SNP) | The tertiary amine group of the PDEAEM shell | siRNA | MDA-MB-231 | ||
siRNA biomimetic nanocomposites modified by erythrocyte membrane | Citraconic anhydride grafted poly-l-lysine | siRNA | U87MG | ||
DSPE-PEG-uPA@CaP | The CaP shell | siRNA and Pt | MDA-MB-231 | ||
UA-GT/PAH-Cit/siRNA NCs | Imidazole-containing moieties | siVEGF | QGY-7703 | ||
Angiopep LipoPCB(Temozolomide + BAP/siTGF-β) | The zwitterionic lipid (distearoyl phosphoethanol-amine-polycarboxybetaine lipid) | Temozolomide and siTGF-β | GL261 | ||
PCI | MSNs tethered with lipid bilayers (MSN@tLB) | IR-780 | Zoledronic acid | MCF-7 | |
Photoactivatable Pt(IV) prodrug-backboned polymeric nanoparticle system (CNPPtCP/si(c-fos)) | Azide complexes | Pt and si (c-fos) | A2780DDP | ||
Glucose functionalized polydopamine NPs | Polydopamine | Bortezomib borate | MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A | ||
C60-DEX-NH2 | Fullerenes | siRNA | MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 | ||
The lipoic acid and chlorin e6‐conjugated pullulan micelle | Ce6 | Chlorin e6 and DOX | HepG2, HeLa and HCT‐116 | ||
Membrane fusion | pBA‐CP‐pPEGA | The self‐assembly into tubisomes | \ | HEK293 | |
Cross-linked N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer micelles | HA2 peptide (GLFEAIEGFIENGWEGMIDGWYG) | H1-S6A and F8A (H1) peptide | MCF-7 | ||
CPPs | TAT-conjugated iron oxide NPs | TAT peptide | \ | A549 | |
siRNA @ TMV-TAT | TAT peptide | siRNA | MHCC97-H/GFP | ||
siRNA /TAT-AP1-ELP complexes | TAT peptide | siRNA | 4T1 | ||
A hybrid nanoparticulate system based on a cationic helical polypeptide PPABLG (PPABDLG HNPs) | The helical structure of PPABLG features | siRNA | RAW 264.7 | ||
The generation of gas | siPol2 @ NPs | The chitosan-guanidinate-CO2 NPs | POLR2A siRNA | MDA-MB-453 TNBC | |
D/N-PDA/Hb@HA | The NO donor | DOX | HeLa |
