Table 2 Summary of the application of various subcellular-targeting nanoformulations in the past 5 years

From: Precise design strategies of nanomedicine for improving cancer therapeutic efficacy using subcellular targeting

Subcellular structures	Targeting molecules	Cargoes	Vehicles	Size and zeta	Cell lines	Others	Reference
ER	TCPP-TER	Porphyrin	Ds-sP/TCPP-TER NPs	100 nm	4T1 cells	PDT	¹⁰²
	Fluorescent dansyl group	Tri-substituted triazine and 5-fluorouracil	A supramolecular self-assembled hexameric rosette structure	\	HeLa cells	\	¹⁰¹
	\	DOX	Ag NPs	75 nm	MCF-7/KCR cells	\	¹⁵²
	Phosphoric acid tetrapeptide (1P)	Phosphoric acid tetrapeptide (1P)	The crescent-shaped supramolecular assemblies	\	HeLa cells	\	⁹⁸
	\	Ir(III)	The Ir(III) complexes	\	HEK293T, U-2 OS or HeLa cells	PDT	⁹⁶
	Adenovirus E3/19 K protein	The tumor-associated antigen L6	Cancer vaccine	\	EL4-L6 cells and B16F10 cells	\	⁹⁷
Golgi	CS	DOX and retinoic acid	CS nanomicelles	40.2 ± 1.42 nm	Hepatic stellate cells	\	¹⁰⁴
	CS	PTX and retinoic acid	CS nanomicelles	192.7 ± 1.8 nm	4T1-Luc cells	\	¹⁰⁵
		Cyanine dyes	BSA-pH-PTT	\	HepG2 cells	PTT	⁹⁵
	L-cysteine	Carbon quantum dots	Silica NPs	8.5 ± 3.5 nm	HEp-2 cells	\	¹⁰³
Lysosome	Anti-HER2 mAb	\	Antibody drug conjugate polymeric NPs	\	BT-474 cells(HER2⁺ cell line)	\	²⁸
	Anti-HER2 aptamer (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HApt)	\	Gold nanostars	90 nm, −8.05 mv	SK-BR-3 cells	\	²⁷
	Tf	Dihydroartemisinin	Nanoscale Graphene oxide	100–200 nm	EMT6 cells	\	²⁶
	EGF	\	Iron oxide magnetic NPs	14 ± 4 nm	MDA-MB-231 cells	Magnetic fluid hyperthermia	²⁴
	\	Photosensitizer	Supramolecular nanogels and organosilica nanodots	75 nm	A549/DDP cells	\	³⁷
	Alkylated piperidine fragment	Ferrocene analogs	N‐alkylamino ferrocene‐based prodrugs	\	BL-2 cells	The prodrug reacts with ROS.	²⁹
	\	5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid	Direct-acting antiviral NPs	55 ± 2 nm	HeLa cells	PTT/PDT	³³
Mitochondria	HA	Coumarin-6	HA/PEG/BD Nanodrugs	150 nm	A549 cells	\	⁷⁴
	TPP	BSA, MAO-A, Cetuximab, IgG, or anti-MTCO2	CPD–TPP–protein@BS–NPs	\	HeLa, HepG2, and SH-SY5Y cells	\	⁷⁸
	TPP	Lonidamine and DOX	TPP-LND-DOX NPs	110 nm	4T1, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ADR cells	\	⁷⁶
	TPP	Lonidamine and α-tocopheryl succinate	poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block (PLGA-b)-poly(ethylene glycol)-TPP polymer	\	HeLa, IMR-32, and 3T3-L1 cells	\	⁷⁷
	TPP	α-tocopheryl succinate and obatoclax moieties	TOS-TPP-Obt-NPs	131.6 nm, 42.9 ± 1.20 mV	MDA-MB-231 cells	\	¹⁵³
	TPP	Gd	TiO2(Gd) NPs	17.6 ± 0.1 mV	MCF-7 cells	Radiation therapy	⁶⁶
	TPP	\	Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer	\	HeLa cells	\	⁷⁵
	DSPE-PEG2K-TPP	Lonidamine and IR-780	Thermosensitive liposomes	125.0 ± 63.36 nm, 23.5 ± 3.12 mV	Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells	PTT/PDT	⁶⁸
	TPP-PEG-PE	PTX	Liposome	145–175 nm,1.66 ± 5.49 mV	HeLa cells	\	⁷⁹
	\	Fenton reagent	Upconversion NPs	\	HepG2 cells	\	⁸⁵
Nuclear	Triplex-forming oligonucleotides	\	Tiopronin-covered gold NPs (Au-TIOP NPs)	<10 nm	MCF-7 cells	\	⁴⁵
	Acridine based compounds	Chlorambucil	Acridin-9-methanol NPs	60 nm	HeLa cells	\	¹⁵⁴
	AS1411 aptamers	Ce6	Ca-AS1411/Ce6/hemin@pHis-PEG (CACH-PEG) NCP	\	4T1 cells	PDT	⁴²
	DGR or RGD, and KRRRR	Antisense single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotide	TD NCP/ASO-NPs	76–198 nm	MDA-MB-231 cells	Gene interference therapies	⁵²
	FA and TAT	Camptothecin	MSNs	\	HeLa and A549 cells	Magnetic guidance	¹¹²
	H1 peptide	HA2	Cross-linked N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer micelles	\	MCF-7 cells	\	¹⁴⁵
	Membrane-permeable sequence (CB5005M)	DOX	\	\	Human glioma cells (U87)	Coordinately administered	⁶²
	NLS	siRNA	Au NPs	\	MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2 cells	\	⁵⁸
	NLS	Iridium (III)	LNPdePEG-FA	150 nm	HeLa cells	\	⁴⁶
	NLS	\	PPAP-DMA	150.6 ± 15.6 nm	HeLa cells	PDT	⁴³
	NLS	Photosensitizer	Exosomes	132.6 nm	4T1 cells	PDT	⁴¹
	NLS	Albumin-Rhodamine	Chitosan NPs	150 nm	L929 cells	\	⁵⁹
	RGD and NLS	\	Au NPs	\	HSC-3 cells	\	⁵⁵
	TAT	DOX	MSNs	43 nm	MCF-7/ADR cells	\	¹⁵⁵
	RGD and TAT	CuS	CuS@MSN-TAT-RGD NPs	40 nm, −23.9 ± 0.7 mV	HeLa cells	PTT	⁵⁷
	TAT	DOX	MSNs	25/50/67/105 nm	HeLa cells	\	⁵⁶
	TAT	DOX	NaYF4:Er/Yb@NaGdF4–PEG	58.8 nm	HeLa cells	\	⁵⁴
	TAT	anti-p65 antibody and TAT peptide	MSNs	40 nm	4T1 cells	\	¹⁵⁶
	HA and TAT	9-Nitro-20(S)-camptothecin	CHR–PCL–TAT–ALAL–HA (HATPC) micelles	121.6 ± 5.79 nm	SKOV3 tumor cells	\	⁵¹
Nuclear and mitochondria	HA and HAP	DOX	Hydroxyapatite NPs	179.50 ± 24.50 nm	HepG2 cells	\	¹¹⁵
Nuclear and mitochondria	HA and KLA	DOX	Carbon nitride nanosphere	236.53 nm	A549 cells	\	¹¹⁴

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Table 2 Summary of the application of various subcellular-targeting nanoformulations in the past 5 years

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