Table 2 CAF-reprogrammed effects on immune cells

From: Advantages of targeting the tumor immune microenvironment over blocking immune checkpoint in cancer immunotherapy

CAF signal molecules

Immune cell types

Regulatory effects

CXCL12, CAF-S1, OX40L, PD-L2, JAM2

CD4+ CD25+ T cells

Recruitment,

Treg differentiation

SDF-1, IL-6, CCL5, CCL2, SDF-1

Circulating monocytes

Recruitment,

M2-like differentiation

SDF-1, DKK1, MCP-1

Peripheral blood neutrophils

Recruitment,

MDSCs differentiation, activation

PGE2

NK cells

Inhibition of NK cytotoxic activity

CXCL12, TGF-β, PD-L1/2, COX-2, FAS-L

T cells

Exclusion,

suppression of proliferation and activation

IL-6, DPP4

Helper T cells

Inhibition of Th1,

Th17 differentiation

  1. CXCL12 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12, OX40L oxford 40 ligand, JAM2 junction adhesion molecule 2, SDF-1 stromal cell-derived factor 1, IL-6 interleukin-6, CCL5 C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, DKK1 dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, PGE2 prostaglandin E2, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cell
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