Table 1 Summary of existing pharmacological modulators that act directly or indirectly on innate immune receptors-mediated inflammatory responses in endothelial cells
Potential therapeutic | Formula | Targets | Mechanism of action | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
E6446 | C27H35N3O3 | TLR7, TLR9 | Inhibit TLR7 and TLR9-mediated deleterious inflammatory responses | |
FR 167653 | C24H20FN5O6S | p38 | A potent suppressor of TNF-α and IL-1β production via specific inhibition of p38 | |
NOD-IN-1 | C18H17NO4S | NOD1, NOD2 | Mixed inhibitor of NOD1 and NOD2 | |
Nodinitib-1 | C14H13N3O2S | NOD1 | A NOD1 inhibitor | |
GSK717 | C28H28N4O2 | NOD2 | Inhibit NOD2-mediated signaling | |
Muscone | C16H30O | NF-κB, NLRP3 | Inhibit NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines | |
CY-09 | C19H12F3NO3S2 | NLRP3 | A selective and direct NLRP3 inhibitor | |
INF39 | C12H13ClO2 | NLRP3 | An irreversible and noncytotoxic NLRP3 inhibitor | |
Ossirene | C2H8Cl3NO2Te | IL-1β, IL-10, caspase-1 | A potent IL-1β, IL-10 and caspase-1 inhibitor | |
Mulberroside A | C26H32O14 | NLRP3, caspase-1, NF-κB | Inhibit the activation of NLRP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of MAPK exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects | |
Desethyl chloroquine | C16H22ClN3 | TLRs | An inhibitor of autophagy and TLRs | |
Schaftoside | C26H28O14 | TLR4, MyD88 | Inhibit the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 | |
Resatorvid | C15H17ClFNO4S | TLR4 | Downregulate TLR4-mediated MyD88 or TRIF signaling |
