Table 5 Potential therapeutic tools for inhibiting HMGB1-RAGE/TLR4 signaling during COVID-19

From: Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches

Potential therapeutic

Formula

Targets

Mechanism of action

Refs

Glycyrrhizic acid

C42H62O16

HMGB1

A direct HMGB1 antagonist

181

Ammonium glycyrrhizinate

C42H65NO16

HMGB1

A direct HMGB1 antagonist

182

FPS-ZM1

C20H22ClNO

RAGE

A high-affinity RAGE inhibitor

183

Azeliragon

C32H38ClN3O2

RAGE

An inhibitor of RAGE

184