Fig. 4 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 4

From: Oral berberine improves brain dopa/dopamine levels to ameliorate Parkinson’s disease by regulating gut microbiota

Fig. 4

The dhBBR-mediated chemical reaction for the conversion from tyrosine to dopa. BH2 obtained H• from the dhBBR–BBR system, and its reduction was activated, in which H• from dhBBR (N7–C8) moved to the N3=C4 bond in BH2, and N3=C4 was then transformed into N3–C4 (BH2 was converted into BH4). In the meanwhile, dhBBR lost H•, and was oxidized into BBR. The increased BH4 in intestinal bacteria accelerates the transformation from tyrosine to l-dopa, in the presence of ROS (H2O2, etc.) as well as Fe2+. Accordingly, BH4 is converted into tetrahydrobiopterin–4α-carbinolamine

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