Fig. 3

The effect of GBE1 on the biological behavior of LUAD in vitro and in vivo. a qPCR and western blot analysis confirming the effects of knocking down GBE1 in the siGBE1 A549 cells compared with those of the negative control cells. a–g siGBE1 A549 cell proliferation was analyzed by CCK-8 assay (b), apoptosis by flow cytometry (c), cell cycle by flow cytometry (d), migration and invasion by Transwell assays (e), migration by wound-healing assays (f), and angiogenesis by tube formation assays (g). h qPCR and western blot analysis confirming the knockdown of GBE1 in the shGBE1 A549 cells compared with the levels in the negative control cells. i Estimating the cell proliferation rate in shGBE1 cells was performed by IncuCyte ZOOM™ assay. j, k shGBE1 A549 cell colony formation (j), migration (k), and sphere formation ability (l). m Representative macroscopic tumor images upon necropsy of mice with postimplant shGBE1 and shNC A549 cells. Tumor volumes and body weights were measured at the indicated time points in the tumor-implanted mice after cell implantation. Tumor volumes and weights of xenografts at the final time point after cell implantation were also measured. n Representative IHC imaging of GBE1, caspase-3, and Ki67 expression and HE staining of tissues from xenografts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. Data are represented as the means ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001