Fig. 1

Overview of samples for multi-omics study. a Multi-omics analysis design with three datasets. The training dataset combined with severe, non-severe, and healthy controls, proteins, lipids, and amino acids were quantified in plasma and used for biomarker discovery, using random forest. The validation cohort 1 contained ten plasma samples from from non-severe and five severe patients, 25 molecules were targeted quantified for prediction evaluation. The validation cohort 2 contained urine samples corresponding to plasma samples in the training dataset, and prediction precision was further evaluated using targeted quantification. b Sample information of COVID-19 patients in the training dataset with time annotation from onset of disease to admission or from admission to discharge