Fig. 1

a Antibiotic treatment can result in cell death, development of antibiotic resistance through target modification, drug inactivation and drug transport or mutations in core metabolic genes enriching for metabolic specific pathways leading to adaptation. b In vitro evolution protocol applied by Lopatkin et al. to generate predominantly metabolic mutations. Cells were subjected to daily 1-h antibiotic treatment and 22 h of growth without antibiotics. Metabolic activity was modified by the daily increase of temperature over a period of 10 days