Fig. 2 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 2

From: SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration

Fig. 2

Activation of glial cells in SARS-CoV-2-infected animal models. a Representative images showing IHC staining for Iba1, a marker for microglia in the cortex of infected K18-hACE2 mice and hamsters. Black arrow: unactivated microglia; red arrow: M1 microglia; black arrowhead: M2 microglia. b Semi-quantitative analysis of microglial cells in the cortex of infected K18-hACE2 mice and hamsters. c Representative images showing co-localization of Iba1 and CD68 (a marker for M1 microglia) in the cortex of infected hamsters. d The proportion of Iba1 and CD68 double-positive microglia in the cortex of animal models. e Representative images showing IHC staining for GFAP, a marker for activated astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus of infected animal models. f Semi-quantitative analysis of GFAP+ astrocytes. N = 5–8 slices from three animals per group. g Relative mRNA levels of inflammatory factors in the brains of animal models (n = 3/group). The p-values were determined by a two-tailed unpaired Students’ t-test. *p < 0.01,**p < 0.01, vs. mock-treated group, respectively. Scale bars: a 100 μm; c 50 μm

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