Fig. 3

A scheme of several nanobiosensors for the detection of HCoVs. The detection target contains nucleic acids, antigens and antibodies. In biosensors, nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, quantum dots, polymer materials, and others are utilized. The transducers, including electrochemical biosensors, optical and quartz crystal microbalance sensors, transduced the reaction of receptor and target to electrical, visible, and other measurable signals