Table 2 Several nanotechnology-based biosensors for HCoVs detection
Biosensors | Target | Limit of detection (LoD) | Linear range (LR) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Principle | Nanomaterials | Target virus | Target molecular | |||
Electrochemical biosensors | FET | In2O3 nanowire | SARS-CoV | N protein | Sub-nanomolar concentration with 44 µM bovine serum albumin | NA |
Carbon nanotubes | SARS-CoV | N protein | Physiological conditions | NA | ||
Graphene sheets | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike protein | 2.42 × 102 copies/mL | NA | ||
DPV and CV | Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode with AuNPs | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike protein | 10 fM | 1 fM–1 μM | |
P-sulfocalix arene (SCX8) functionalized graphene (SCX8-RGO) | SARS-CoV-2 | ORF1ab gene | 200 copies/mL | NA | ||
Optical biosensors | Lateral flow assay | AuNPs | SARS-CoV-2 | IgG and IgM | NA | NA |
Lateral flow assay | AuNPs | SARS-CoV-2 | IgG and IgM of N protein | NA | NA | |
Lateral flow assay | Selenium-decorated nucleoprotein | SARS-CoV-2 | IgG and IgM | 5 ng/mL (IgG) 20 ng/mL (IgM) | NA | |
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based lateral flow immunoassay | Ag shell on SiO2 core | SARS-CoV-2 | IgG and IgM of the spike protein | 1 pg/mL | NA | |
Lateral flow assay | Lanthanide-doped polystyrene | SARS-CoV-2 | IgG | NA | NA | |
PPT, LSPR | AuNIs | SARS-CoV-2 | Nucleic acid | 0.22 pM | NA | |
Colorimetric assay | AuNPs | SARS-CoV-2 | Nucleic acid | 0.18 ng/L | 0.2–3 ng/L | |
SPR | AuNPs-based polypeptides | SARS | Coronaviral surface antigen | 200 ng/ml | NA | |
LSPR coupled fluorescence | AuNPs | SARS-CoV | N protein | 0.08 ng/mL | NA | |
LSPR | AuNPs | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike protein | 0.22 pM | NA | |
LSPR, Colorimetric assay | AuNPs | MERS-CoV | DNA | 1 pmol/L | NA | |
Piezoelectric Biosensors | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike protein | NA | NA | ||
SARS-CoV-2 | Spike protein | NA | NA | |||
