Table 2 Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection
From: Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies
Drug | Current use | Target | Potential target | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Antivirus | ||||
Antientry | ||||
Umifenovir | Influenza | Prevents fusion of viral and membrane | Nsp7/Nsp8 complex, Nsp14, Nsp15, E-channel, or Spike | Not mentioned |
Nelfinavir | HIV | Protease inhibitor | Spike (S) protein | |
Aloxistatin | Nervous system disease | Cysteine protease inhibitor | Cathepsin L | |
Camostat mesylate | Pancreatitis | Serine protease inhibitor | TMPRSS2 | |
Nafamostat | Nafamostat | |||
Chloroquine | Anti-malarial | ACE2, pH, PLpro | Recommend against | |
Hydroxychloroquine | Autoimmune diseases | |||
Antireplication | ||||
Protease inhibitor | ||||
lopinavir/ritonavir | HIV | Protease inhibitor | 3CLpro | Recommend against (AI) |
Darunavir/Cobicistat | HIV | Nsp3c, PLpro, E-channel, Spike proteins | ||
RNA polymerase inhibitors | ||||
Remdesivir | Ebola virus | RNA-dependent RNA synthetase | Nsp3b, RdRp, E-channel, TMPRSS2 | Recommends (BIIa) |
Ribavirin | HCV, RSV | PLpro | Not mentioned | |
Favipiravir | Influenza virus | RdRp | ||
Anti-release | ||||
Oseltamivir | Influenza A and B | Neuraminidase | 3CLpro | Not mentioned |
Immunomodulation | ||||
Corticosteroids | ||||
Dexamethasone | Allergic or autoimmune disease | Glucocorticoid receptor agonist | Different recommends in different situations | |
Anti-cytokine interventions | ||||
Anakinra | Rheumatoid arthritis and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes | IL-1R | Neither recommend nor against | |
Tocilizumab | Rheumatoid arthritis | IL-6R | Recommend (BIIa) | |
Sarilumab | Not mentioned | |||
Kinase inhibitors | ||||
Janus kinase inhibitors | ||||
Baricitinib | Rheumatoid arthritis | JAK1, JAK2, gp130 | Recommend in combination with remdesivir if dexamethasone cannot be used (BIIa) | |
Ruxolitinib | Myelofibrosis | JAK1, JAK2 | Recommend against | |
Tofacitinib | Psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis | JAK1, JAK3 | ||
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors | ||||
Acalabrutinib | B cell malignancies | BTK | Immune response of macrophage activation | Recommend against |
Ibrutinib | B cell malignancies, chronic graft-vs.-host disease in recipients of stem cell transplantation | |||
Zanubrutinib | Mantle cell lymphoma | |||
IFNs | Cancers and hepatitis C | Recommend against | ||
IVIG | Immunoglobulin deficiency, autoimmune diseases | SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies | Recommend against | |
