Fig. 4

Factors that may affect the immunity induced by the vaccines. a The immune responses in the elderly. Inflammatory responses were robust in senescent cells and gene expression changed in normal cells. Immunosenescence reduces the levels of APCs and induces anti-type I interferon (IFN) autoantibodies in the elderly. b Vaccination for pregnant women. Vaccination in pregnant women is safe, with injection-site pain being frequently observed and without increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion. Moreover, vaccine-induced antibodies existed in the cord blood of infants and in the mothers’ breast milk. c The immune responses in males. Males are prone to elicit anti-type I IFN autoantibodies, and the expression of IFNAR2 reduces. d Vaccination for children and adolescents. Vaccination for children and adolescents induced high titers of antibodies, although myocarditis and pericarditis were noticed in some young individuals