Table 1 Clinical studies of potential therapeutic options for COVID-19

Virus

Virus entry into the host and binding with the host cell receptor

Blocking receptor-binding domain

Ensovibep

NCT04870164

United Kingdom

24

Phase 1

Virus

Virus entry into the host and binding with the host cell receptor

TMPRSS2 inhibitor

Camostat Mesilate

NCT04470544

United States

264

Phase 2

Virus

Virus entry into the host and binding with the host cell receptor

TMPRSS2 inhibitor

Camostat Mesilate

NCT04583592

United States

295

Phase 2

Virus

Virus entry into the host and binding with the host cell receptor

Block viral entry

RhACE2 APN01

NCT04335136

Turkey

185

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Antiviral activity

Niclosamide

NCT04558021

Turkey

200

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Peg-IFN Lambda

NCT04534673

United States

40

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Remdesivir

NCT04560231

Pakistan

30

Phase 1

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Remdesivir

NCT04738045

Egypt

90

Phase 4

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Favipiravir

NCT04499677

United Kingdom

240

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Lopinavir/Ritonavir

NCT04466241

Côte D’Ivoire

294

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Inhibit viral replication

Amantadine

NCT04952519

Poland

500

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Inhibit viral replication

Amantadine hydrochloride

NCT04854759

Poland

200

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Interference with viral proliferation

leflunomide

NCT04361214

United States

20

Phase 1

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Antiviral activity

Nafamostat Mesilate

NCT04390594

Senegal

186

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Antiviral activity

Niclosamide

NCT04753619

Iraq

150

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Favipiravir

NCT04425460

China

256

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Sofosbuvir

NCT04535869

Egypt

50

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Ribavirin

NCT04828564

Turkey

100

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Inhibit viral replication

Chlorpromazine (CPZ)

NCT04366739

France

40

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Inhibit viral replication

Chlorpromazine

NCT04354805

Egypt

100

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Antiviral activity

Nafamostat Mesylate

NCT04418128

South Korea

84

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Favipiravir

NCT04400682

Turkey

30

Phase 1

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Remdesivir

NCT04280705

United States

1062

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Remdesivir

NCT04401579

United States

1033

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Remdesivir

NCT04345419

Egypt

200

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Favipiravir

NCT04407000

Turkey

30

Phase 1

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Lopinavir and ritonavir

NCT04252885

China

86

Phase 4

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Lopinavir/ritonavir

NCT04276688

Hong Kong

127

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Interference with viral proliferation

LAU-7b: fenretinide

NCT04417257

United States

240

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Favipiravir

NCT04501783

Russian Federation

168

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Interference with viral proliferation

Leflunomide

NCT05007678

United Kingdom

178

Phase 3

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Antiviral activity

Niclosamide

NCT04399356

United States

73

Phase 2

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Favipiravir

NCT04359615

Iran

40

Phase 4

Virus

Viral replication and clearance

Broad antiviral activity

Sofosbuvir

NCT04530422

Egypt

250

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

IL-6 Antagonist

Siltuximab, tocilizumab

NCT04486521

Saudi Arabia

860

−

Immune system

Cytokine storm

IL-6 inhibitor

Clazakizumab

NCT04659772

USA

1

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

IL-6 inhibitor

Clazakizumab

NCT04343989

USA

180

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Anti-IL-6 immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1k) monoclonal antibody (mAb)

Sirukumab

NCT04380961

USA

212

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Anti-IL-6 receptor antibody

Tocilizumab

NCT04730323

Pakistan

93

Phase 4

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Anti-IL-6 receptor antibody

Sarilumab

NCT04661527

Spain

60

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Interferon gamma blocking antibody

Emapalumab

NCT04324021

USA

16

Phase 2 Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Interleukin-IL-17A Antagonist

Secukinumab

NCT04403243

Russia

70

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

IL-17 inhibitor

ixekizumab

NCT04724629

Brazil

60

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

Infliximab

NCT04734678

Egypt

84

−

Immune system

Cytokine storm

IL-1β inhibitor

Canakinumab

NCT04362813

USA

454

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

GM-CSF inhibitor

Lenzilumab

NCT04351152

USA

520

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Monoclonal antibody against GM-CSF

Gimsilumab

NCT04351243

USA

227

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

IL-23 inhibitor

Risankizumab

NCT04583956

USA

1

Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immune support

Biological: HB-adMSCs

NCT04348435

USA

55

Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes

SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte

NCT04742595

USA

16

Phase 1

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

RAPA-501-Allo off-the-shelf therapy of COVID-19

NCT04482699

USA

88

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

NKG2D-ACE2 CAR-NK cells

NCT04324996

China

90

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Reduce the proinflammatory state and promoting the regeneration of damaged tissues

MSC

NCT04611256

Mexico

20

Phase 1

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

T memory cells and NK cells

NCT04578210

Spain

58

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Regulates inflammation and immunity

Infusion IV of Mesenchymal Stem cells

NCT04416139

Mexico

10

Phase 2

Immune system

Anti-inflammatory effects

Anti-inflammatory effects

Autologous activated platelet-rich plasma

NCT04715360

Indonesia

30

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Anti-inflammatory effects

Inhibit the inflammatory response

UC-MSCs

NCT04339660

China

30

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Anti-inflammatory effects

Reduce lung inflammation and pathological impairment

MSC exosome inhalation

NCT04491240

Russia

30

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immune-mediated inflammatory

Mesenchymal stromal cells

NCT04361942

Spain

24

Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Virus neutralization. Other possible mechanisms include antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis

Convalescent plasma

NCT04476888

Pakistan

110

−

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Prevent or shut down the continuous inflammatory response caused by the virus

COVID-19 convalescent plasma

NCT04374526

Italy

29

Phase 2 Phase 3

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Improve high inflammation state and respiratory function

Therapeutic plasma exchange

NCT04751643

France

132

−

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

NCT04500067

Ukraine

76

Phase 3

Immune system

Immune reconstitution

Immune reconstitution

Recombinant interleukin-7 (CYT107)

NCT04442178

USA

48

Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Prevent or shut down the continuous inflammatory response caused by the virus

COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP)

NCT04421404

USA

42

Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

Monoclonal antibody to S protein of SARS-CoV-2

NCT04840459

USA

1000

Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based IVIG therapy

NCT04521309

Pakistan

50

Phase 1 Phase 2

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

JS016 (anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody)

NCT04931238

China

200

Phase 1

Immune system

Immunomodulatory

Immunomodulatory

plasma therapy using convalescent plasma with antibody against SARS-CoV-2

NCT04356534

Ireland

40

−

immune system

Cytokine storm

Regulation of the inflammatory cytokine response

Vitamin D, Omega DHA/EPA, vitamin C, vitamin B complex, and zinc acetate

NCT04828538

Mexico

3600

−

Immune system

Immune activation

Suppressor of cytokine activation

Zofin: derived from human amniotic fluid

NCT04384445

USA

20

Phase 1、Phase 2

Immune system

Intense inflammatory cascade

Adjunct immune modulation therapies

Vitamin C

NCT04401150

Canada

800

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Human normal immunoglobulin

IVIG

NCT04500067

Ukraine

76

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Human normal immunoglobulin

Human immunoglobulin

NCT04350580

France

146

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Immunosuppressant

Ciclesonide

NCT04377711

USA

400

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Vitamin

Cholecalciferol

NCT04552951

Spain

80

Phase 4

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Vitamin

Vitamin D3, vitamin C/Zinc, vitamin K2/D

NCT04780061

Canada

200

Phase 3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Vitamin

Oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3

NCT04386850

Islamic Republic

1500

Phase 2,3

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Mesenchymal stem cells

HB-adMSCs

NCT04348435

USA

55

Phase 2

Immune system

Cytokine storm

Bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles

DB-001

NCT04493242

USA

120

Phase 2

immune system

Elevated numbers of neutrophils

NETs degradation

rhDNase I

NCT04409925

Canada

25

Phase 1

Endothelial

Pulmonary edema

Abl2/Arg inhibitors

Imatinib

NCT04794088

Netherlands

90

Phase 2

Endothelial

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

DNase inhibitors

Dornase alfa

NCT04355364

France

100

Phase 3

Endothelial

Excessive blood clotting

Vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation

Dipyridamole

NCT04391179

United States

100

Phase 2

Endothelial

Endothelial dysfunction

Endothelial cell modifying

Defibrotide

NCT04652115

United States

42

Phase 2

Endothelial

Endothelial dysfunction

Endothelial cell modifying

Defibrotide

NCT04348383

Spain

150

Phase 2

Endothelial

Complement-mediated diseases

Terminal complement inhibitor

Eculizumab

NCT04346797

France

120

Phase 2

Endothelial

Endothelial dysfunction

Increase NO production and release

Atorvastatin + l-arginine + folic acid + nicorandil + nebivolol

NCT04631536

Lebanon

80

Phase 3

Endothelial

Endothelial injury

PAI-1 inhibitor

TM5614

NCT04634799

United States

80

Phase 2

Endothelial

Microvascular endothelial dysfunction

Platelet aggregation inhibitors

Iloprost

NCT04420741

Denmark

80

Phase 2

Endothelial

Vascular endothelial dysfunction

Restore endothelial glycocalyx and Inhibit thrombosis

Suloexide

NCT04483830

Mexico

243

Phase 2 Phase 3

Endothelial

Endothelial injury

C5a inhibitor

Ravulizumab

NCT04570397

United States

32

Phase 3

Endothelial

Vascular dilation

Angiogenesis inhibitors

BEVACIZUMAB

NCT04822818

France

174

Phase 3

Endothelial

Vascular leakage

decrease vascular hyperpermeability

FX06

NCT04618042

France

50

Phase 2

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04360824

USA

170

Phase 4

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin, unfractionated heparin, atorvastatin, matched placebo

NCT04486508

Iran

600

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04354155

USA

40

Phase 2

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux

NCT04359212

Italy

90

–

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04408235

Italy

300

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Tinzaparin, unfractionated heparin

NCT04344756

France

808

Phase 2

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04345848

Switzerland

200

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin, heparin

NCT04359277

USA

77

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), unfractionated heparin (UFH)

NCT04362085

Canada

465

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04366960

Italy

189

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin, heparin, lovenox

NCT04367831

USA

100

Phase 4

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Heparin

NCT04372589

USA

1200

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04373707

France

602

Phase 4

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Low-molecular-weight heparin

NCT04393805

Italy

744

–

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Rivaroxaban, enoxaparin

NCT04394377

Brazil

615

Phase 4

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Enoxaparin

NCT04401293

USA

257

Phase 3

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Anticoagulation

Rivaroxaban

NCT04416048

Germany

400

Phase 2

Coagulation system

Higher hypercoagulability

Platelet inhibition

Tirofiban, clopidogrel, acetylsalicylic acid, fondaparinux

NCT04368377

Italy

5

Phase 2

Coagulation system

Reduced vitamin K status

Vitamin K supplementation

Vitamin K2 in the form of menaquinone-7 (MK-7), placebo

NCT04770740

Netherlands

40

Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Dysfunction of RAAS

Recover the function of ACE2-RAAS

Recombinant bacterial ACE2 receptors-like enzyme of B38-CAP (rbACE2)

NCT04375046

China

24

Phase 1

Cardiovascular

Dysfunction of RAAS

RAAS inhibition

RAAS inhibitor

NCT04508985

Canada

40

/

Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular disease or risk factors

Anti-inflammatory

Cannabidiol

NCT04615949

Arizona, USA

422

Phase 2、Phase 3

Vascular endothelial system

Coagulation disorders

Anticoagulant

Enoxaparin Atorvastatin

NCT04486508

Islamic Republic

600

Phase 3

Circulatory system

Vascular endothelial injury, cytokine storm

FXa inhibitor, HMG-CoA inhibitor

Apixaban, Atorvastatin

NCT04801940

UK

2631

Phase 3

Vascular endothelial system

Cytokine storm, vascular endothelial injury

Vitamin C

Vitamin C

NCT04401150

Canada

800

Phase 3

Vascular endothelial system

Vascular endothelial injury

Phyto preparation

Hesperidin

NCT04715932

Canada

216

Phase 2

Cardiac, kidney

multiorgan failure

Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor

Dapagliflozin

NCT04350593

USA、Argentina、Brazil、Canada、India、Mexico、UK

1250

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Acute cardiac injury

Cardioprotective medicines

Aspirin, clopidogrel, rivaroxaban, atorvastatin, omeprazole

NCT04333407

UK

3170

−

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation or anti-platelet agents

Apixaban, aspirin

NCT04498273

USA

7000

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic function

Enoxaparin, unfractionated heparin, atorvastatin

NCT04486508

Iran

600

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Dysregulated immune response

Immunomodulatory and cardiovascular drugs

EDP1815, dapagliflozin and Ambrisentan

NCT04393246

UK

1407

Phase 2、Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Cardiac injury

Reduce cardiac injury

Colchicine tablets

NCT04355143

USA

150

Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Rivaroxaban

NCT04757857

Brazil

1000

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Antagonize plasminogen activator inhibitor

TM5614

NCT04634799

USA

80

Phase 1、Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

NCT04492254

Australia

1370

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Apixaban

NCT04746339

Brazil

1000

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Longer-term complications occurring in the convalescent phase

Improve the quality of life

Apixaban, atorvastatin

NCT04801940

UK

2631

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Rivaroxaban

NCT04416048

Germany

400

Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Endothelial dysfunction

Improve endothelial function

Atorvastatin + l-arginine + folic acid + nicorandil + nebivolol

NCT04631536

Lebanon

80

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin, apixaban

NCT04512079

USA、Brazil、Colombia、India、Mexico

3600

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

NCT04400799

Germany、Switzerland

1000

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

NCT04646655

Italy

300

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Viral injury of the vascular endothelium

Monoclonal antibody that targets P-selectin

Crizanlizumab

NCT04435184

USA

50

Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Myocardial infarction in combination with COVID-19

Antiarrhythmic effect

Atorvastatin, atorvastatin-ezetimibe

NCT04900155

Russian Federation

200

−

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Antithrombotic therapy

Apixaban

NCT04650087

USA

5320

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Thromboprophylaxis

Rivaroxaban

NCT04662684

Brazil

320

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

NCT04345848

Switzerland

200

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin, heparin

NCT04367831

USA

100

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

NCT04354155

USA

40

Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation therapy

Therapeutic anticoagulation

NCT04362085

Canada

465

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Thromboprophylaxis

NCT04360824

USA

170

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

NCT04373707

France

602

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Acute pulmonary hypertension (aPH) and/or acute Cor pulmonale (ACP)

Decrease pulmonary arterial pressure

PDNO

NCT04885491/2020-002982-33

Sweden

16

Phase 1、Phase 2

Cardiovascular

Hyperviscosity

Plasma exchange

Therapeutic plasma exchange

NCT04441996

USA

20

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation therapy

Edoxaban, colchicine

NCT04516941

Belgium、Italy、Spain、Switzerland

420

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation therapy

Tinzaparin

NCT04730856

Spain

600

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation therapy

Enoxaparin

NCT04508439

Mexico

130

−

Cardiovascular

Coagulopathy

Anticoagulation therapy

Therapeutic anticoagulation

NCT04444700

Brazil

465

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

2020-003125-39

Germany

1370

−

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Low-molecular-weight heparin

2020-001709-21

France

550

−

Cardiovascular

Thrombotic events

Anticoagulation agent

Enoxaparin

2020-005624-10

Germany

1000

−

Cardiovascular

Downregulation of ACE2

Anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic function-RAAS

Omega3-FA

NCT04658433

Jordan

100

−

Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular disease or risk factors

Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors-RAAS

ACEi、ARB

NCT04591210

Canada, Brazil, Mexico

1155

Phase 3

Cardiovascular

Viral cell invasion

Increase ACE2 expression and improve mechanisms of host defense or hyperinflammation-RAAS

Discontinuation/continuation of ACEi、ARB

NCT04338009

USA

152

−

Cardiovascular

ARDS

RAAS regulator

Telmisartan

NCT04355936

Argentina

400

Phase 4

Cardiovascular

Overaction of RAS

Similar peptide to Ang(1–7)-RAAS

TRV027

NCT04419610

UK

30

Phase 1

Cardiovascular

Viral entry and viral replication

Recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 -RAAS

RhACE2 APN01

NCT04335136

Austria、Denmark、Germany、Russian Federation、UK

185

Phase 2

Respiratory system

Host viral entry

TMPRSS2 inhibitors

Nafamostat Mesilate

NCT04352400

Italy

256

Phase 2、Phase 3

Immune and respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Prophylactic corticosteroid

Methylprednisolone

NCT04355247

Puerto Rico

20

Phase 2

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Mesenchymal stem cells

Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

NCT04333368

France

40

Phase 1

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Biomarker-tailored steroid

Methylprednisolone

NCT03852537

USA

44

Phase 2

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiparasitic

Ivermectin

NCT04739410

Pakistan

50

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Antioxidant

Sodium pyruvate

NCT04871815

USA

50

Phase 2,3

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Antihistamines

Cetirizine and famotidine

NCT04836806

USA

160

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Remdesivir

NCT04978259

Finland

202

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Favipiravir

NCT04694612

Nepal

676

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Triazavirin

NCT04973462

Egypt

80

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Ivermectin

NCT04673214

Mexico

114

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Lopinavir/ritonavir

NCT04466241

Cote d’Ivoire

294

Phase 2,3

Respiratory system

Host viral entry

Vaccine based on peptide antigens

EpiVacCorona

NCT04780035

Russian Federation

3000

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiparasitic

Nitazoxanide 500 mg oral tablet

NCT04406246

Mexico

150

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Viral growth, cytokine storm

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Ivermectin and doxycycline

NCT04523831

Bangladesh

400

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiviral

Ivermectin tablets, doxycycline tablets

NCT04729140

USA

150

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Antioxidant

Sodium pyruvate

NCT04824365

USA

60

Phase 2,3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

RNA polymerase inhibitor

Favipiravir

NCT04600999

Hungary

150

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth, Cytokine storm

ACE2 inhibitor

Hydroxychloroquine

NCT04354428

USA

300

Phase 2,3

Respiratory system

Host viral entry

Acetylcholine agonists

Nicotine patch

NCT04583410

France

1633

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiparasitic

AVIGAN

NCT04529499

Kuwait

780

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiparasitic

Ivermectin

NCT04646109

Turkey

66

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Viral growth

Broad-spectrum antiparasitic

Favipiravir

NCT04600895

USA

1150

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Cytokine inhibitor

Pirfenidone

NCT04856111

India

48

Phase 4

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

M2 protein inhibitor

Amantadine hydrochloride

NCT04854759

Poland

200

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Convalescent plasma

Convalescent plasma

NCT04558476

Belgium

500

Phase 2

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm, vascular endothelial injury

VEGF inhibitor

Nintedanib 150 MG [Ofev]

NCT04541680

France

250

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Host viral entry

Acetylcholine agonists

Nicotine

NCT04608201

France

220

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

Interferon beta-1a

SNG001

NCT04732949

USA

610

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

SSRI

Fluvoxamine

NCT04668950

USA

1100

Phase 3

Lung and coagulation system

Host viral entry and higher hypercoagulability

Protease TMPRSS2 inhibition

Nafamostat mesilate, placebo

NCT04352400

Italy

256

Phase 3

Respiratory system

Cytokine storm

IL-6-blocking antibodies

Clazakizumab, placebo

NCT04343989

USA

180

Phase 2

Nervous system

Cytokine storm, neuroinflammation

Endogenous molecule

mPEA and umPEA

NCT04568876

Italy

40

Phase 4

Central nervous system

Cytokine storm, sedatives needed

Sedation drugs

Isoflurane inhalant product, sevoflurane inhalant product

NCT04415060

Canada

752

Phase 3

Central Nervous System

Cytokine storm, sedatives needed

Anti-adrenergic medications

Propranolol hydrochloride

NCT04467086

Canada

108

Phase 3

Neuropsychological system

Cytokine storm, post-viral fatigue syndrome

C1 inhibitor

Ruconest

NCT04705831

USA

40

Phase 4

Peripheral nervous system

Cytokine storm, Nasopharyngitis

Phyto preparation

BNO 1030

NCT04797936

Ukraine

133

Phase 4

Central nervous system

Cytokine storm

Analgesics

Cannabis, medical

NCT03944447

USA

200000

Phase 2

Central nervous system

Cytokine storm, acute brain damage

Surgery

Sphenopalatine ganglion block with local anesthetic

NCT04636034

Denmark

60

Phase 3

Neuropsychiatric system

Viral growth, Cytokine storm

ACE2 inhibitor

Hydroxychloroquine, apixaban

NCT04788355

Brazil

176

Phase 3

Neuropsychiatric system

Cytokine storm, brain damage

Nicotinamide riboside

Niagen

NCT04809974

USA

100

Phase 4

Respiratory system, Neuropsychiatric system

Cytokine storm

IL-6 blocker

Fluoxetine

NCT04377308

USA

2000

Phase 4

Central Nervous System

Cytokine storm

CB1 and CB2 agonists

Cannabidiol

NCT04467918

Brazil

100

Phase 2,3

Neuropsychiatric system

Cytokine storm, brain damage

NMDA inhibitor

Ketamine

NCT04769297

USA

30

Phase 4

Kidney

Cytokine storm

Hormone replacement therapy

Extracorporeal mesenchymal stromal cell therapy (SBI-101 Therapy)

NCT04445220

United States

22

Phase 1, Phase 2

Kidney

Cytokine storm

Hormone replacement therapy

AN-69 Oxiris membrane or the standard AN-69 membrane

NCT04597034

Mexico

35

−

Kidney

AKI,ARDS and COVID-19

Cytopheretic device

Device: SCD

NCT04395911

United States

22

−

Kidney

Thrombotic microangiopathy

C5a inhibitor

Ravulizumab

NCT04570397

United States

32

Phase 3

Kidney

Host viral entry

Urine alkalinisation to prevent binding of SARS-COV-2 to renal tubular epithelial cells

Sodium Bicarbonate 150Meq/L/D5W Inj

NCT04655716

United Kingdom

80

Phase 3

Kidney

Acute kidney injury

Renal protection

Nicotinamide riboside

NCT04818216

United States

100

Phase 2

Kidney

Acute kidney injury

extracorporeal CO2 removal

Device: extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) therapy

NCT04351906

Germany

20

−

Kidney

Sepsis, severe acute kidney injury, COVID-19

Plasma expansion with Ringer’s Acetate

7,5 ml/kg mL Ringer’s acetate

NCT02765191

Sweden

20

−

Gastrointestinal

Minimize/avoid any immune response

Immune response

inhalable hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) supportive and symptomatic treatment

NCT04477083

Egypt

40

−

Gastrointestinal

/

/

Hydroxychloroquine

NCT04351620

United States

20

Phase 1

Gastrointestinal

/

/

No intervention

NCT04401124

China

500

−

Gastrointestinal

Gut microbes

Gut microbes

Omni-Biotic Pro Vi 5

NCT04813718

Austria

20

−

Gastrointestinal

/

/

Swallowing evaluation with the EAT-10 and the volume-viscosity swallowing test (V-VST)

NCT04346212

Spain

300

−

Gastrointestinal

/

/

/

NCT04838834

United States

472

−

Gastrointestinal

/

/

Laparoscopic appendectomy

NCT04786041

Israel

200

−

Endocrine system

Uncontrolled blood glucose

Antiviral drug combined with an anti-inflammatory

Drug: Baricitinib

Drug: Dexamethasone

Drug: Remdesivir

NCT04970719

Bengal

382

Phase 3

Endocrine system

β-cell function

Insulinotropic amino acids

Stimulation test with arginine infusion in order to verify the possible existence of damage to the beta cell function induced by COVID-19 infection

NCT04463849

Italy

90

−

Endocrine system

Cytokine storm

Decrease blood sugar; increase ACE2 expression

Drug: Pioglitazone 30 mg

NCT04535700

Spain

76

Phase 4

Endocrine system

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta system

blocking IL-1beta activity

Drug: Canakinumab

NCT04510493

Switzerland

116

Phase 3

Endocrine system

Decrease in TNF-alpha, interleukin, hs CRP, leptin and other inflammatory markers

Anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving

Drug: Pioglitazone 45 mg

NCT04604223

Kuwait

1506

Phase 4

Endocrine system

Decrease blood sugar

Glucokinase (GK; hexokinase 4) activator

Drug: AZD1656

NCT04516759

Czech Republic

156

Phase 2

Endocrine system

Decrease blood sugar

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor (DPP4i)

Drug: Linagliptin tablet

NCT04542213

Mexico

70

Phase 3

Endocrine system

Cytokine storm

Regulate immune function

Drug: cholecalciferol

NCT04733625

Egypt

56

−

ENT

Cytokine storm

Nasal steroid

Ophtamesone

NCT04569825

Iraq

250

Phase 1

Pre-exposure phrophylaxis

Host viral entry

Pre-exposure phrophylaxis

Truvada

NCT04334928

Spain

1002

Phase 3