Table 2 Some clinical trials of novel therapeutic strategies for MI

From: Signaling pathways and targeted therapy for myocardial infarction

Strategy (drug)	Molecular markers/Signal pathways	Register number	Phase	Estimated/actual enrollment	Status
Ivabradine	PI3K/Akt/mTOR	NCT02446990	III	19102	Completed
Rapamycin/Sirolimus	mTOR	NCT00552669	IV	200	Completed
Rapamycin/Sirolimus	mTOR	NCT04951050	NA	200	Not yet recruiting
Losmapimod	MAPK	NCT02145468	III	3503	Completed
Canakinumab	NLRP3/IL-1β	NCT01327846	III	10066	Completed
Canakinumab	NLRP3/IL-1β	NCT01900600	NA	15	Completed
Colchicine	NLRP3/IL-1β	NCT02551094	III	4745	Completed
		ACTRN12614000093684	III	5522	Completed
		NCT01709981, NCT02594111	IV	280	Completed
		NCT01906749	IV	500	Unknown
		NCT00754819	II & III	80	Completed
		NCT05130892	IV	132	Recruiting
Erythropoietin	MAPK, TGF-β, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog	NCT00390832	III	138	Completed
		UMIN000005721	NA	600	Completed
		NCT00423020	IV	72	Completed
		NCT00149058	II	124	Unknown
		NCT00524901	II	10	Completed
Estradiol	RhoA/ROCK	NCT00402636	IVIV	502	Completed
Estrogen	RhoA/ROCK	NCT00123539	NA	334	Terminated
Nicorandil	RhoA/ROCK	NCT01396395	IV	402	Completed
Dexmedetomidine	RhoA/ROCK	NCT03095469	I	200	Unknown
Valsartan	TGF-β/SMADs	NCT03309618	NA	36	Completed
Sildenafil	JAK2/STAT3, RhoA/ROCK	NCT01046838	IV	70	Completed
G-CSF	JAK2/STAT3, NF-κB	NCT00596479	NA	50	Completed
		NCT00886509	NA	50	Completed
		NCT00307879	II	20	Terminated
		NCT00043628	II	35	Completed
Methotrexate	NF-κB	NCT01741558	II	80	Completed
Metformin	TLR4	NCT01217307	II & III	380	Completed
Melatonin	Notch, Hippo/YAP	NCT00640094	II	272	Terminated
		NCT03966235	IV	74	Unknown
		NCT00640094	II	272	Terminated
		NCT01172171	II	41	Completed
Fasudil	TGFβ1/TAK1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, RhoA/ROCK	NCT03753269	IV	600	Not yet recruiting
Statin	PI3K/Akt/ FOXO3a, TGF-β/SMADs, Sonic Hedgehog, RhoA/ROCK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1	NCT00128024	IV	460	Completed
Hirudin	KEAP1/Nrf2/HO-1	NCT03664180	IV	2856	Recruiting
Strategy (gene therapy)
VEGF-A165 plasmid	VEGF/PI3K/Akt	NCT00135850	I& II	48	Completed
AdGVVEGF121cDNA	VEGF/PI3K/Akt	NCT01174095	I	31	Completed
Endocardial adenovirus VEGF-D gene transfer	VEGF/PI3K/Akt	NCT01002430	I	30	Completed
Bicistronic VEGF-A165/bFGF plasmid	VEGF(bFGF)/PI3K/Akt	NCT00620217	II	52	Completed
Strategy (Cell therapy)
CD34+ cell	PI3K/Akt, Sonic Hedgehog	NCT00300053	II	321	Completed
		NCT03471611	I	20	Active, not recruiting
		NCT01508910	III	291	Completed
CD133+ cell	PI3K/Akt, Wnt	NCT00694642	I& II	28	Completed
CD133+ cell	PI3K/Akt, Wnt	NCT02870933	IV	30	Completed
EPCs	VEGF/PI3K/Akt/eNOS, Dll4/Notch/Hey2, Sonic Hedgehog, Akt/HO-1	NCT00494247	IV	60	Completed
MSCs	PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/SMADs, Notch, Sonic Hedgehog	NCT00418418	II	60	Unknown

PI3K/Akt phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, NLRP3/IL-1β, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, NLRP3/IL-1β nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat family, pyrin-domain-containing 3/ interleukin-1β, TGF-β/SMADs transforming growth factor-β/SMADs, Wnt Wingless, RhoA/ROCK/ERK Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinases, JAK/STAT Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, TLR4 toll-like receptor 4, Hippo/YAP, Hippo/Yes-associated protein, FOXO3a forkhead box subfamily O3a, KEAP1 kelch like ECH-associated protein 1, Nrf2/HO-1 nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1, G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, EPCs endothelial progenitor cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells

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Table 2 Some clinical trials of novel therapeutic strategies for MI

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