Fig. 6

Human alveolar bone in apical periodontitis is associated with altered Klotho expression pattern. a H&E and TRAP staining of healthy individuals and AP patients. b Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of KLOTHO-positive cells in human alveolar bone. n = 8 in healthy individuals or 12 in AP patients. c Gene expression of KLOTHO in alveolar bone of healthy individuals and AP patients. n = 4 in healthy individuals and n = 7 in AP patients. d 3D images obtained from confocal microscopy show KLOTHO protein expression pattern. n = 4. e Schematic diagram showed that Klotho in Osx⁺-mensenchymal progenitors exerts pro-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory effects during mandibular bone formation and repair. All data are shown as the mean ± SEM. Scale bar, 100 μm (a), 50 μm (b), and 10 μm (c)