Fig. 1

Humoral immune responses following immunization with inactivated vaccines in SLD patients. a–d Antibody responses after vaccinated with inactivated vaccines in SLD patients. The overall seropositivity rate and titers of anti-RBD-IgG (left panel) and NAbs (right panel) in SLD patients and healthy controls (a) and in CC, DC, HCC groups (b). The seropositivity rate and titers of anti-RBD-IgG (left panel) and NAbs (right panel) over time in SLD patients and healthy controls (c) and in CC, DC, HCC groups (d). The error bars in antibody titers indicate the 95% CI of the GMTs. Dotted lines indicate the detection limit. e–h RBD-specific MBCs responses after vaccinated with inactivated vaccines in SLD patients. The overall frequency (percentage of total B cells) of RBD-specific MBCs (e) and four subsets of RBD-specific MBCs (f) in SLD patients and healthy controls. The frequency of RBD-specific MBCs (g) and four subsets of RBD-specific MBCs (h) in CC, DC, HCC groups. i–l RBD-specific MBCs responses after vaccinated with inactivated vaccines in SLD patients with passing time. The error bars in e–l represent Median (IQR). ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. actMBCs, activated MBCs; anti-RBD-IgG, spike receptor-binding domain IgG antibody; atyMBCs, atypical MBCs; CC compensated cirrhosis; CI confidential interval; DC decompensated cirrhosis; GMTs geometric mean titers; HC healthy controls; HCC hepatocellular carcinoma; intMBCs, intermediate; IQR interquartile range; MBCs memory B cells; NAbs neutralizing antibodies; rMBCs resting MBCs; SLD severe liver diseases