Table 2 The virulence factors and their associated secretion systems in P. aeruginosa

T1

Alkaline protease

Adherence and Colonization³⁴²

Corneal infections

APRin³⁶³

Ca²⁺³⁷²

HasAp

Proliferation³⁷⁵

Scavenges heme

Metal complexes³⁸²

hasR

T2

LasB (elastase)

Biofilm formation³⁵³

Antibiotic resistance

Ag-phendione, Cu(phendione)³⁹⁵

IL-1β⁴³⁸, LasA^{384,395,397,404,438,451,458}

LasA

Biofilm formation and Colonization

Antibiotic resistance⁴⁵⁹ and Corneal infections³⁷⁰

Satureja khuzistanica essential oil^339,343,369

LasD

Phospholipase C (PlcH, PlcN)

Host inflammation regulation

Cell hemolysis and Neutrophil activity^344,354

Global regulator Anr

Ca²⁺, Pi, Zn⁺, PlcR1, PlcR2, IL-8^{375,385,420,421,440}

PrpL protease

Biofilm formation

Wound healing and Corneal virulence⁴⁰³

–

Iron, Pvds, AprA, LasB^434,447

Lipases (LipA, LipC)

Motility, Biofilm formation and Rhamnolipid production

Enhanced PLC-induced 12-HETE and LTB4 generation

DsbC protein³⁸¹

PmrA/PmrB^401,411

ToxA

Colonization and Proliferation

Impairment of host defense, Inhibition of protein synthesis and Interference with cellular immune functions

Norepinephrine³⁴⁰

Iron and PvdS⁴⁰⁴

LapA (via Hxc T2SS)

Biofilm formation and Localization adhesin

Antibiotic resistance³⁴⁶

–

LapF, c-di-GMP^{374,377,405,419}

Mep72

–

–

–

PopD, PcrV, ExoS, FliD

T3

ExoS

Avoid phagocytosis and Kill the host cell

Inhibition of autophagy and mTOR, ROS Production and Induces apoptosis

Cinnamaldehyde and Carvacrol and honey^413,417

RpoS, Rac^{116,418,429,444,449}

ExoY

Enhance acute pathogenicity and infection

Impairs endothelial cell proliferation and vascular repair^{116,418,429,444,449}

Aspirin

GSH, NF-κB, AP-1, TAK1

ExoT

Inhibition of internalization by epithelial cells and macrophages

Inhibits lung epithelial wound repair^{386,398,399,407,437}

–

RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42

ExoU

Overexpression efflux pumps and AmpC β-lactamase genes

Antibiotic resistance and Augments neutrophil transepithelial migration

Arylsulfonamides^388,409,426

NF-κB, IL-8/KC

ExsE

Negative regulator of type III secretion gene^430,455

–

–

T3SS

T5

Esterase (EstA)

Enhanced rhamnolipid production, Cell motility and Biofilm formation

–

–

ExsC, ExsD^443,448

CupB5

Activates alginate overproduction

–

–

AlgU, MucA, TpsB4\LepB^381,390

Exoprotease (Lep)

Producing pyocyanin

–

–

Iron³⁹⁶

T6

Tse1 (amidase)

Defense against other organisms

Lysis of cells

Tsi1

Tsi1³⁶⁰

Tse2

Defense against other organisms

Lysis of cells

Tsi2

Tsi2⁴³¹

Tse3 (muramidase)

Defense against other organisms

Lysis of cells

Tsi3

Ca²⁺, Tsi3^416,445

Other secretion systems

HCN

–

–

–

Glycine, AlgR, LasR and RhlR^382,383

Pyocyanin

–

Interferes with multiple cellular functions

Baicalin, 4-aminopyridine

BrlR, PhzM^383,387,397

Pyoverdine

High-affinity iron uptake from transferrin and lactoferrin

Keratitis

Phenylthiourea

PvdP tyrosinase^439,446

Rhamnolipids

Biofilm formation

Potentiate aminoglycoside antibiotics

H₂S

Oxygen, Polyhydroxyalkanoate^{371,418,421,422}

Alkyl quinolones

Bacterial communication and quorum sensing

–

–

PqsR, LysR⁴³³

N-acyl homoserine

Biofilm formation

–

–

Propolis³⁷⁹

Lactones

Biofilm formation

Accelerate host immunomodulation

Th1 and Th2 cytokines⁴⁰¹

–