Fig. 1

a Topological schematic of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, highlighting the locations of the mutations, relative to the ancestral WT strain. The spike protein is divided into the S1 and S2 (yellow) regions. The S1 contains the signal peptide (SP), the N-terminal domain (NTD; gray), the receptor binding domain (RBD; light green) and the subdomains 1 & 2 (SD1/2; dark green). Also shown are the transmembrane domain (TM; orange) and the cytoplasmic tail (CT; red). b Mean luminescence recorded from HEK-293T cells stably expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 following infection by pseudoviruses containing different spike proteins. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA (P < 0.0001). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni correction (*P < 0.05; ***P < 0.0001). c Neutralizing activity for six monoclonal antibodies against D614G (black) and BA.2 (blue) pseudoviruses. Concentration-inhibition relationships of each monoclonal antibody are shown. Individual data points were joined with a straight line. No sigmoidal function was fitted to the data. Maximum inhibition of D614G or BA.2 pseudovirus entry into HEK-293T-AT cells were compared using a t-test (inset scatter plots). Data which significantly differed from each other are indicated using asterisks (***P < 0.0001). d Bar graph showing median [IQR] of ED₅₀ from recipients of different vaccination regimens (BnT: two-dose BnT162b2, CV: two-dose CoronaVac, CV + CV: two-dose CoronaVac + CoronaVac booster, CV + BnT: two-dose CoronaVac + BnT162b2 booster). The data was compared with a two-way ANOVA. We find significant differences in the variant factor (P < 0.0001), vaccine factor (P < 0.0001) as well as significant interaction (P < 0.0001). We compared pairwise differences between different vaccination regimens using a Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Data which significantly differ from each other are indicated using asterisks (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001) e ED₅₀ changes in neutralization activity on D614G and BA.2 pseudoviruses of sera from monkeys immunized with a RBD recombinant protein vaccine. Horizontal line and error bars indicate median and IQR, respectively. The data were compared with a paired t-test (P < 0.002)