Fig. 7

Immunomodulatory effect of radiation on DCs. Radiation on DCs significantly increases the expression of chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 which then bind to CCR7 and mediate migration of DCs. In addition, immunogenic cell death caused by radiation may release large amounts of antigens and DAMPs including HMGB1, ATP, calreticulin, heat shock proteins, and other cellular factors which bind specific pattern-recognition receptors on the dendritic cell, including Toll-like receptors, RIG1-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors. And radiation also results in the release of TAAs which promotes DCs activation, migration, and proliferation of T cells. Parts of this figure were drawn with aid of Servier Medical Art (http://www.servier.com), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License