Fig. 7
From: Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments
Molecular mechanisms for proteostasis in aging-related diseases. Aging, genetic mutations, environmental and lifestyle insults, and various other stresses cause increases in the amounts of unfolded, misfolded, and oxidized proteins, which lead to activation of the protein degradation system of the UPS and lysosomal proteolysis (including nonselective autophagy and selective autophagy, such as mitophagy and reticulophagy). Chaperones help refold unfolded proteins and assist in the formation of autophagosomes and ubiquitin-proteasomes. Balanced proteostasis leads to healthy aging and longevity. Disrupted proteostasis induces protein aggregation, cellular organelle function loss, increased ROS production and chronic inflammation, which lead to the development of many aging-related diseases
