Table 4 The blood or urinary molecules as non-invasive biomarkers of kidney fibrosis
From: Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines
Biomarker | Relationship in kidney fibrosis | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
Angiostatin | The levels of urinary angiostatin/creatinine in patients are associated with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
C3M | C3M in urine inversely correlates with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
C5a, C5b-9 | The plasma C5a level is correlated with the proportion of segmental sclerotic glomeruli. The plasma and urinary levels of C5b-9 are correlated with interstitial fibrosis | |
CCL5, CXCL1 | Urinary sediment CCL5 and CXCL1 mRNAs are associated with interstitial fibrosis degree | |
CD11c+ macrophages | The numbers and proportions of urinary CD11c+ macrophages are associated with the values of chronicity indices such as tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
CDH11, SMOC2, PEDF | Higher levels of plasma CDH11, SMOC2, and PEDF and urinary CDH11 and PEDF are significantly associated with increasing severity of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy | |
CXCL16, Endostatin | Urinary CXCL16 and endostatin are correlated with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score | |
DcR2 | Urinary DcR2 level is correlated with scores of tubulointerstitial injury | |
DKK3 | Urinary DKK3 is related to the extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. DKK3 in serum is associated with higher chronicity index at biopsy and flares rate | |
EGF | Urinary EGF shows significant correlation with intrarenal EGF mRNA, and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
L-FABP | Urinary L-FABP is positively associated with interstitial fibrosis | |
Fibrinogen | Urinary fibrinogen correlates with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
Fractalkine | Plasma fractalkine is associated with mesangial hypercellularity pathological damage, CD68+ macrophage, and CD20+ B cell infiltration in renal tissue and renal outcome in IgAN patients | |
Gal-3 | Higher plasma Gal-3 levels are associated with interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and vascular intimal fibrosis | |
KIM-1 | Urinary KIM-1 is associated with inflammation, renal function, and also reflects KIM-1 in tissue. Plasma KIM-1 is also associated with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
LOX | Serum LOX levels correlates with the area of kidney fibrosis | |
MMP-7 | Urinary MMP-7 correlates with renal fibrosis scores in CKD patients | |
miR-196a | Urinary miR-196a is associated with glomerular sclerosis and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
MCP-1 | Urinary MCP-1 correlates with chronic damage, especially fibrous crescents, and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis | |
mtDNA | Urinary mtDNA has positive correlations with interstitial fibrosis | |
PTC-EMPs | Urinary PTC-EMPs levels correlates directly with interstitial fibrosis, and inversely with the number of peritubular capillary | |
Soluble klotho | High serum klotho is associated with decreased odds ratios of interstitial fibrosis and segmental sclerosis. Patients with a lower urinary klotho-to-creatinine ratio are more likely to have diffuse foot process effacement | |
suPAR | Serum suPAR is correlated with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score and interstitial inflammation score | |
TNC | There is a robust correlation between urinary TNC and kidney fibrotic score | |
VCAM-1 | Urinary VCAM-1 is associated with fibrous crescents | |
VSIG2 | Plasma VSIG2 is positively associated with interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy |
