Fig. 2
From: Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumours: clinical dilemmas and future trends
Important genes signalling pathways and metabolic alterations associated with ICB responsiveness or resistance in tumour cells. Anti-tumour immunity is mainly through the killing effect of CTL on tumour cells. Tumour gene mutations involved in the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, and NF-κB pathways will affect PD-1 blockade responsiveness and resistance. Metabolic alterations of glycolysis, aggressive depletion of amino acids, and immune-suppressive productions are essential factors influencing CTL anergy and ICB resistance
