Table 2 Changes of HH signaling pathway in cancer

  Oral squamous cell carcinoma^198,199

ligand-dependent

Ptch1 (+), Shh (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+)

Initiation (+), Progression (+), Metastasis (+)

  Odontogenic karatocytes²¹¹

ligand-independent

Ptch1 (+), Smo (+)

Progression (+)

  Medulloblastoma^226,230,232

ligand-independent

Ptch1 (+), Shh (-)

Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+)

  Glioma^237,510

ligand-dependent

Shh (+), Gli2 (-)

Progression (+), Metastasis (+)

  Renal cell carcinoma^{249,254,255,511}

ligand-dependent

Shh (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+), Gli2 (+)

Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+)

  Prostate cancer^259,263,512

ligand-dependent

Shh (+), Smo (+)

Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+)

  Hepatocellular carcinoma^{266,267,271,274}

ligand-dependent

Ptch1 (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+)

Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+)

  Cholangiocarcinoma^276,282,513

ligand-dependent

Gli1 (+), Gli2 (+)

Stemness (+), Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Drug resistance (+)

  Colorectal cancer^284,287

ligand-dependent

Ihh (-), Shh (+),

Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+)

  Pancreatic cancer^{289,290,291,294}

ligand-dependent

Shh (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+)

Initiation (+), Progression (+), Metastasis (+)

  Lung cancer^{299,304,305,514}

ligand-dependent

Shh (+), Gli (+)

Progression (+), Stemness (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+)

  Hematological malignancy^308,311,515

ligand-dependent

Smo (+), Dhh (+), Gli1 (+)

Radiation resistance (+), Stemness (+)

  Thyroid cancers^320,324,516

ligand-dependent

Shh (+), Ptch (+), Smo (+), Gli (+)

Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+)

  Basel cell carcinoma^327,329,335

ligand-independent

Shh (+), Ptch1 (+), Gli1 (+)

Progression (+), Resistance (+)

  Triple negative breast cancer^{341,342,345,346}

ligand-dependent

Smo (+), Gli1 (+), Shh (+)

Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+), Stemness (+)

  Rhabdomyosarcoma^351,357

ligand-dependent

Gli1(+), Ptch1 (+)

Progression (+), Stemness (+), Drug resistance (+)

  Gastric cancer^{364,365,366,367}

ligand-independent

Shh (+), Gli1(+)

Initiation (+), Progression (+), Drug resistance (+), Stemness (+)