Table 1 Features of extracellular vesicles
From: Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases
EV subtypes | Origin | Size (nm) | Biomarkers | Density (g/ml) | Mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomes | Multivesicle body | 50–150 | CD9, CD63, Tsg101, CD81, ALIX, HSP70 | 1.13–1.19 | Endosomes mature into late endosomes, forming multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with intraluminal vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane for release (dependent or independent of ESCRT) | |
Microvesicles | Plasma membrane | 100–1000 | Integrins, Selectins, CD40, tissue factor | 1.032–1.068 | Calcium influx and cortical cytoskeleton remodeling cause direct plasma membrane budding and cleavage. | |
Apoptotic Bodies | Plasma membrane | 100–5000 | Annexin V, C3b, thrombospondin, Annexin A1, histone coagulation factor, | 1.16–1.28 | Cytoplasmic fragmentation during programmed cell death | |
Exomeres | Secreting from cells | ≤50 | TGFBI, ENO1 and GPC1 | 1.1–1.19 | Cleavage of large cytoplasmic extensions from cell body | |
Migrasomes | Retraction Fibers | 500–3000 | Tspan4, CD63, Annexin A1 | Unknown | Because of cell migration and actin polarization/ Migrasomes are formed at the tip or by bifurcation of the retraction fibers during migration | |
Oncosomes | the shedding of non-apoptotic plasma membrane blebbing | 1000–10000 | Cav-1 or ADP ribosylation factor 6 | 1.10–1.15 | Released by cancer cells with amoeboid movement | |
Supermeres | Unknown | ∼35 (<50) | TGFBI, ACE2, PCSK9,miR-1246, MET, GPC1 and AGO2, exRNA; miR-1246 | Unknown | Unknown |
