Fig. 8

S-prenylation is involved in the regulation of multiple cellular signal transduction pathways. We briefly summarised several well-established signalling pathways of the main small GTPase family. The prenylation and post prenylation of these proteins often occur on the ER. K-Ras and N-Ras can be either farnesylated or geranylgeranylated, while H-Ras can only be farnesylated. N-Ras, H-Ras and K-Ras4a undergo S-palmitoylation before anchoring at the plasma membrane and activating downstream signalling. Other proteins, such as Rho, can switch membrane-bound states through binding to RhoGDI. Overall, protein prenylation mediates downstream signalling by regulating protein trafficking and protein‒protein interactions. ER endoplasmic reticulum, MAM mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, RE recycling endosome