Fig. 4

Thiamine supplementation relieves microgravity-induced cardiac adaption. a The thiamine content of cell culture supernatant of GCaMP-CMs under 1 g, simulated microgravity (μg) conditions. Partial microgravity-stimulated GCaMP-CMs were synchronously treated with thiamine (Thm+μg). b The beating rate analyses of GCaMP-CMs in 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg groups. c Representative calcium transients of GCaMP-CMs under 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg conditions. d–g The quantitative analyses of amplitude (d), time to peak (e), decay time (f), and tau (g) of GCaMP-CMs. h Immunofluorescence staining of cytoskeleton proteins in GCaMP-CMs under 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg conditions (α-Actinin, green; cTnT, red; Hoechst 33342, blue). i Representative polar histogram of myofibrillar alignment in GCaMP-CMs under 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg conditions. j, k The quantitative analyses on sarcomere length (j) and cTnT content (k) of GCaMP-CMs under 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg conditions. l The analyses of lactate content in cell supernatant of GCaMP-CMs under 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg conditions. m The quantitative analyses of ATP content in cell lysates of GCaMP-CMs. n Representative OCR traces of hiPSC-CMs in 1 g, μg, and Thm+μg groups were obtained using a Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer. Quantification of basal respiration (o), ATP production (p) and maximal respiration (q). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA or two-way repeated-measures ANOVA; * or ^#P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ns not significant