Fig. 6

Anlotinib modulates anti-tumor immunity and improves the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 checkpoint blockade. a Representative immunofluorescence images showing CD11c⁺ DCs in tumor-draining LNs. The nuclei are stained blue, and CD11c is green. Scale bar, 400 µm. Higher magnification is shown to the right of each image. Scale bar, 40 µm. b Representative immunofluorescence images of tumor tissues to evaluate CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration. The nuclei are stained blue, and CD4 and CD8 are green. Scale bar, 50 µm. c Number of CD11c⁺ DCs per field (n = 5, images were from three mice per group). d, e Number of CD4⁺ T cells (d) or CD8⁺ T cells (e) per field (n = 5, images were from three mice per group). f Heatmap representing the expression of inflammatory factors and chemokines in tumor tissues from mice treated daily with saline or anlotinib for 10 consecutive days. g Experimental timeline for the combined therapy experiment. h Tumor growth curves of the 4T1 tumor model (n = 6). i Tumor weights of excised tumors (n = 6). The data are shown as the mean ± s.d. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001