Table 2 PTMs modulating the activities of the GSDM family

Lys48-linked polyubiquitination (IpaH7.8)

GSDMB

At least Lys177, Lys190, Lys192 (human)

Promote degradation of GSDMB and directly inhibit pore formation

^{38,160,161,162,163}

Lys63-linked/ Lys48-linked

polyubiquitination (IpaH7.8)

GSDMD

LysK55, Lys62, Lys203 (human)

Promote degradation of GSDMD

^{38,161,162,163}

Lys27-linked

Polyubiquitination (SYVN1)

GSDMD

Lys203, Lys204/Lys204, Lys205 (human/mouse)

Promote pyroptosis

³⁰³

Lys48-linked

Polyubiquitination (CDC20)

GSDME

Not mentioned

Promote degradation of GSMDE

³⁰⁵

Deubiquitination (USP24)

GSDMB

Not mentioned

Increase the stability of GSDMB

³⁰⁴

Deubiquitination (USP48 and OTUD4)

GSDME

Not mentioned

Increase the stability of GSDME

^306,307

Phosphorylation (AMPK)

GSDME

Thr6 (human)

Prevent pore formation

^59,311

Phosphorylation (PLK1)

GSDMA

Thr8 (human)

Prevent pore formation

^59,312

Phosphorylation

GSDMD

Thr213 (human)

Prevent pore formation

³²

Disulfiram

GSDMD

Cys191/Cys192 (human/mouse)

Prevent pore formation

⁴⁵

Disulfiram

GSDME

Not mentioned

Prevent pore formation

⁵³⁰

Necrosulfamide

GSDMD

Cys191/Cys192 (human/mouse)

Prevent pore formation

⁴⁴

Succination (fumarate)

GSDMD

Cys191/Cys192 (human/mouse)

Prevent cleavage and pore formation

⁴⁶

Succination (fumarate)

GSDME

Cys45 (mouse)

Prevent pore formation

⁴⁶

Itaconation

GSDMD

Cys77 (mouse)

Prevent caspase-1-dependent cleavage

³²⁰

Oxidation

GSDMD

Cys38, Cys56, Cys268, Cys467 (human)

Promote cleavage by

caspase-1

³²³

Palmitoylation (ZDHHC5/9)

GSDMD

Cys191/Cys192 (human/mouse)

Promote pore formation and pyroptosis

^324,325

Palmitoylation (ZDHHC-2/7/11/15)

GSDME

Cys407/Cys408 (human/mouse)

Promote pore formation and pyroptosis

³²⁶

Palmitoylation

bacterial and fungal GSDMs

Cys3/Cys3/Cys4/Cys7 (Runella/

Bradyrhizobium/ Vitiosangium/Lysobacter)

Promote structural stability and pore-forming activity

²²⁸