Fig. 12

Representative example of hydrogel other non-cell therapy. Bioadhesives (a, b), artifical tissues (c, d) and biosensors (e, f). a Schematic representation of adhesive hydrogels. b Hydrogel achieve rapid and strong adhesion to ruptured heart and intestine of porcine. a and b reproduced with permission from ref. ⁶⁸⁹ Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons. c Steps for the synthesis of double-network hydrogels with cartilage-like mechanical properties. d The instantaneous recovery rate of hydrogel was higher than that of native cartilage. c and d reproduced from ref. ⁷⁰⁴ e Schematic diagram of monitoring, diagnosis, suturing, and treatment of different tissues with hydrogel sutures. f The effect of hydrogel sutures on monitoring abnormal electrocardiogram and treating acute myocardial infarction by preloading NO donor N-Acetyl-3-Nitroso-sulfanyl-Valine (SNAP). e, f reproduced from ref. ⁷²⁷ Adobe Illustrator was used to generate this figure