Fig. 4
The cellular behavior mediated by the AKT pathway. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway significantly influences cell survival, proliferation, metabolism, and other cellular processes. Upon reception of external stimuli, various surface receptors (e.g., RTKs, ion channel receptors, G protein-coupled receptors) can activate and recruit PI3K to the plasma membrane, which then phosphorylates PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 subsequently recruits PDK1 to the cell membrane, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of Akt. This activation affects the expression or phosphorylation of downstream proteins (e.g., vimentin, p21, p27, Bax, etc.), ultimately influencing cellular outcomes, including apoptosis, migration, and proliferation, among others. Information is collected from published work215,216,217,218,221,825 and Cell Signaling Technology (https://www.cellsignal.cn/). Adobe Illustrator was used to generate this figure. (Abbreviations: PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PDK1 Protein kinase D1, AKT Protein kinase B, Bax Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2, Bim Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death, FoxO1 Forkhead box O1, Bad Bcl-2-associated death promoter, p21 Cip Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, p27 Kip Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B)
