Fig. 8

a Schematic representation of the strategy for repairing alveolar bone defects in vivo using a hydrogel microarray encapsulating periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) based on bioprinting. Reproduced with permission from ref. ³⁸⁶ Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. b Gross observation results of vocal fold scar formation three months post-injury. Morphological improvements were observed in both the hAdMSCs and hAdMSsC/hydrogel groups, showing smaller fibrotic bands (arrows). Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁴¹⁶ Copyright 2013, John Wiley and Sons. c Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, anti-OVA antibodies in serum were measured by ELISA, along with the macroscopic appearance of rheumatoid arthritis cartilage after 12 weeks post-transplantation for four different groups: sham, blank (BLA), fibroblast gel-BMMSCs (FGB), and hydrogel-BMMSCs (HGB). Reproduced from ref. ⁴¹⁸ d Histological examination of the therapeutic effects of adipose tissue-derived human MSCs encapsulated in injectable hydrogel in mice with acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate and histological scoring was performed. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁴¹⁹ Copyright 2022, Elsevier. Adobe Illustrator was used to generate this figure