Table 2 Hazard ratios for the association between early insulin therapy users versus non-early insulin therapy users and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes

From: Real-world effectiveness of early insulin therapy on the incidence of cardiovascular events in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

 

Early insulin therapy

p value

No

Yes

No. of patients

3135

2289

 

Outcomes

Coronary heart disease

  No. of events

542

292

 

  Follow-up time (persons years)

8639

5394

 

 Hazard ratio (95% CI)a

   Model 1

1.00 (Reference)

0.91 (0.79–1.06)

0.218

   Model 2

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (0.86–1.15)

0.958

   Model 3

1.00 (Reference)

1.07 (0.92–1.25)

0.398

   Model 4

1.00 (Reference)

1.08 (0.92–1.28)

0.367

Hospitalization for heart failure

  No. of events

167

63

 

  Follow-up time (persons years)

9652

5857

 

 Hazard ratio (95% CI)a

   Model 1

1.00 (Reference)

0.66 (0.49–0.89)

<0.001

   Model 2

1.00 (Reference)

0.68 (0.50–0.92)

<0.001

   Model 3

1.00 (Reference)

0.67 (0.49–0.91)

<0.001

   Model 4

1.00 (Reference)

0.72 (0.53–0.99)

<0.001

Stroke

  No. of events

504

215

 

  Follow-up time (persons years)

9008

5626

 

 Hazard ratio (95% CI)a

   Model 1

1.00 (Reference)

0.71(0.60–0.83)

<0.001

   Model 2

1.00 (Reference)

0.68 (0.58–0.80)

<0.001

   Model 3

1.00 (Reference)

0.68 (0.57–0.80)

<0.001

   Model 4

1.00 (Reference)

0.69 (0.58–0.81)

<0.001

  1. aHazard ratios were estimated using the following models: Model 1, adjusted for gender; baseline age and body mass index; Model 2, Model 1 and further adjusted for baseline history of hypertension, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and/or pulmonary vascular diseases, history of atrial fibrillation history, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); Model 3, Model 2 and further adjusted for ever use of statin, antiplatelet drugs, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/ angiotensin II inhibitors(ACEI/ARBs), β-receptor blocker and calcium channel blockers(CCBs) during follow-up; and baseline use of metformin, sulfonylureas, α-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; Model 4, Model 3 and further adjusted for the centers where the patients were treated
  2. CI confidence interval
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