Fig. 2

HPTMs and metabolism correlation diagram. Lysine acylation is a complex process interconnected with major metabolic pathways. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids serve as primary metabolic resources, producing a wealth of intermediate products within cells, such as lactate, succinyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, and β-hydroxybutyrate. These intermediates supply acyl groups essential for the covalent modification of proteins. Notably, metabolites like cr, bu, and pr, as well as hib, predominantly arise from fatty acid oxidation and amino acid metabolism. Conversely, metabolites such as la, bhb, and succ primarily originate from glucose metabohighlighting a diverse metabolic sourcing for lysine acylation