Fig. 1

Multi-modal data collection and filtering flowchart for patients with HER2-positive GC from multi-center study. The cohort, comprising 17,787 patients with GC, was derived from a consecutive series of patients diagnosed with stomach adenocarcinoma at Peking University Cancer (PKCancer) Hospital (10,740 patients), Nanfang Hospital (6773 patients), and Peking University Third Hospital (274 patients) between January 2007 and January 2023. The selection process involved exclusions based on HER2 negativity or unknown status, absence of anti-HER2 therapy, and lack of comprehensive multimodal data, including necessary pathological and radiological information collected within a defined period around treatment initiation. The final multi-modal analysis cohort was segmented into 390 patients from the PKCancer Hospital and 39 patients from external hospitals