Fig. 2 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Tertiary lymphoid structures in diseases: immune mechanisms and therapeutic advances

Fig. 2

The composition of TLS. TLSs mainly include T cells, B cells, fibroblasts, DCs, macrophages, FDCs, and HEV-EC. Stromal cells undergo phenotypic polarization in the TME, and they produce cytokines and chemokines, which induce aggregation and differentiation of immune cells and promote the formation of TLSs. TLSs have dual effects of pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles, which depend on the internal immune cell subtype

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